1. A process for hydrodeoxygenation of a renewable resource which comprises (a) providing a feed which is a renewable resource; (b) contacting the feed with a catalyst in the presence of hydrogen at a temperature of 250 to 425\xb0 C. and a pressure of 500 to 2500 psig (3,450 to 17,250 kPa), wherein the catalyst comprises an oxide, molybdenum and one or more active metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, and mixtures thereof and the catalyst is sulfided form, to produce a hydrocarbon product having a ratio of even-numbered hydrocarbons to odd-numbered hydrocarbons of at least 2:1.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed is an oil derived from plants andor animals and comprises one or more triglyceride or one or more free fatty acid.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the triglyceride is derived from a plant selected from the group consisting of pine, rape seed, sunflower, palm, jathropa, seashore mallow and combinations of two or more thereof.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed is a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of canola oil, palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, crude tall oil, and combinations of two or more thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed is poultry fat, yellow grease, or tallow.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the concentration of metal in the catalyst is 0.1 to 90 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the concentration of metal in the catalyst is 0.5 to 60 weight percent.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, kieselguhr, silica-alumina and combinations.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature is 300 to 400\xb0 C.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the temperature is 325 to 375\xb0 C.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein the pressure is 1000 to 2000 psig (7000 to 13,900 kPa).
12. The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of even-numbered hydrocarbons to odd-numbered hydrocarbons of at least 3:1.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of even-numbered hydrocarbons to odd-numbered hydrocarbons of at least 5:1.
14. The process of claim 1 wherein the ratio of even-numbered hydrocarbons to odd-numbered hydrocarbons of at least 10:1.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the process is a continuous process and the reactor is a fixed bed reactor or a continuously stirred tank reactor.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein the reactor is a fixed bed reactor.
17. The process of claim 15 wherein the feed is contacted with a solvent or diluent and hydrogen to provide a liquid feedsolventhydrogen or liquid feeddiluenthydrogen mixture in advance of contacting the feed with the catalyst.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein the liquid feedsolventhydrogen or liquid feeddiluenthydrogen mixture is a substantially hydrogen-gas-free liquid feed stream.
19. The process of claim 17 wherein a portion of the product is recycled back to the reactor as a recycle stream and blended with fresh feed and hydrogen for use as solvent or diluent.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A compound of the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
(wherein the symbols in the formula have the following meanings:
Ring B and Ring D: the same as or different from each other, each representing aryl which may be substituted, or a heterocycle which may be substituted,
X: single bond, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(R0)\u2014, \u2014N(R0)\u2014R00\u2014, \u2014O\u2014R00\u2014, \u2014R00\u2014O\u2014, \u2014R00\u2014, or -(lower alkenylene)-,
R0: lower alkyl,
R00: lower alkylene,
R1: H or R0,
A: \u2014Z\u2014R3, or a group represented by any one of the formulae (II) to (VII):
Ring E: a heterocycle or cycloalkanediyl which may be substituted,
Y: CH or N,
R2: H or R0,
m: 0 or 1,
Z: single bond or R00,
provided that when A is \u2014Z\u2014R3, Z is R00,
G: O, S, \u2014N(R2)\u2014, or \u2014(HC\u2550CH)\u2014, and
R3: \u2014CO2H or a biological equivalent thereof,
provided that the compounds, in which, when D is phenyl or pyridyl which may be substituted, A is a group represented by the above formula (II), Y is CH, and Z is a single bond, R3 is \u2014CO2H, tetrazole, sulfonamide, or a carboxylate, are excluded.
2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring D is a bicyclic heterocycle which may be substituted with halogen or R0, A is a group represented by the formula (II) or the formula (V), Y is CH, and R2 is H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring D is indolyl which may be substituted with halogen or R0, A is a group represented by the formula (II) or the formula (V), Y is CH, and R2 is H, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring D is indolyl which may be substituted with halogen or R0, and Ring E is cyclohexanediyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring D is indole-1,2-diyl or pyrrole-1,2-diyl, which may be substituted with halogen or R0, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein A is a group represented by any one of the formulae (II) to (V), and Y is N, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
8. A pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating chronic renal insufficiency or diabetic nephropathy, which comprises the compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
9. (canceled)
10. A method for preventing or treating chronic renal insufficiency or diabetic nephropathy, which comprises administering to a patient an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.