1. A radiator apparatus for a vehicle, comprising:
an inlet tank receiving coolant from an engine;
a heat-exchanging portion fluidly connected to the inlet tank and provided with a plurality of tubes and radiation fins so as to cool the coolant flowing in the tubes by exchanging heat with air; and
an outlet tank disposed apart from the inlet tank and fluid-connected to the heat-exchanging portion, wherein the outlet tank receives the coolant from the heat-exchanging portion and discharges the coolant back to the engine;
a bubble separating unit mounted on a connecting hose supplying the coolant from the engine to the inlet tank, wherein the bubble separating unit separates bubble contained in the coolant and supplies the coolant from which the bubble is separated to the inlet tank so as for the coolant to pass through the heat-exchanging portion.
2. The radiator apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bubble separating unit includes:
an inflow port integrally formed at a side of an upper portion of the inlet tank and fluidly connected to the engine through the connecting hose so as to receive the coolant from the engine;
a bubble generating portion formed at the inflow port and rotating the coolant to generate a whirlpool so as to separate the bubble from the coolant when the coolant flows into the inflow port;
a filler neck protruded from an upper end of the inlet tank and provided with a bubble gathering portion formed in the filler neck, the bubble separated from the coolant by the bubble generating portion being gathered in the bubble gathering portion, wherein the bubble gathering portion is disposed higher than the inflow port; and
a bubble exhaust port formed at a side of the bubble gathering portion and exhausting the gathered bubble therethrough.
3. The radiator apparatus of claim 2, wherein the bubble exhaust port is fluid-connected to a reserve tank to exhaust the bubble.
4. The radiator apparatus of claim 2, wherein an inner cross section of the inflow port is smaller than an inner cross section of the inlet tank.
5. The radiator apparatus of claim 2, wherein the bubble generating portion is a spiral groove formed at an interior circumference of the inflow port with a spiral shape along a longitudinal direction of the inflow port.
6. The radiator apparatus of claim 2, wherein the bubble generating portion includes:
an inserting body inserted in the inflow port and engaged to an interior circumference of the inflow port; and
a spiral groove formed at an interior circumference of the inserting body along a longitudinal direction of the inserting body.
7. The radiator apparatus of claim 6, wherein an inner cross section of the inserting body is smaller than an inner cross section of the inlet tank.
8. The radiator of claim 2, further including a cap mounted at an upper end of the bubble gathering portion,
wherein the coolant is replenished through the bubble gathering portion after the cap is open.
9. The radiator apparatus of claim 1, wherein the bubble separating unit includes:
a filler neck body provided with an inflow port fluidly connected to the engine through the connecting hose at a side surface thereof and an exhaust port fluidly connected to an inlet hole formed at the inlet tank at another side surface thereof;
a bubble generating portion formed at an interior circumference of the inflow port and rotating the coolant to generate a whirlpool so as to separate the bubble from the coolant when the coolant flows into the inflow port;
a bubble gathering portion integrally protruded upwards from an upper end of the filler neck body and disposed higher than the inflow port to gather therein the bubble separated from the coolant by the bubble generating portion; and
a bubble exhaust port formed at a side of an upper portion of the bubble gathering portion so as to exhaust the bubble gathered in the bubble gathering portion.
10. The radiator apparatus of claim 9, wherein the bubble exhaust port is fluid-connected to a reserve tank to exhaust the bubble.
11. The radiator apparatus of claim 9, wherein an inner cross section of the inflow port is smaller than an inner cross section of the filler neck body.
12. The radiator apparatus of claim 9, wherein the bubble generating portion is a spiral groove formed at an interior circumference of the inflow port with a spiral shape along a longitudinal direction of the inflow port.
13. The radiator apparatus of claim 9, wherein the inflow port is disposed higher than that of the exhaust port.
14. The radiator apparatus of claim 9, wherein the exhaust port is formed at another side surface neighboring the side surface where the inflow port is formed.
15. The radiator apparatus of claim 9, further including a cap mounted at an upper end of the bubble gathering portion,
wherein the coolant is replenished through the bubble gathering portion after the cap is open.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive Property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A method for determining a result of a group operation performed an integral number of times on a selected element of the group, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) representing said integral number as a binary vector;
(b) initializing an intermediate element to the group identity element;
(c) selecting successive bits, beginning with a left most bit, of said vector and for each of said selected bits;
(i) performing said group operation on said intermediate element to derive a new intermediate element;
(ii) replacing said intermediate element with said new intermediate element;
(iii) performing said group operation on said intermediate element and an element, selected from the group consisting of:
said group element if said selected bit is a one; and
an inverse element of said group element if said selected bit is a zero;
(iv) replacing said intermediate element with said new intermediate element;
(d) performing said group operation on said intermediate value and said inverse element if said last selected bit is a zero; and replacing said intermediate element therewith, to obtain said result, whereby each of the bits of said integral is processed with substantially equal operations thereby minimizing timing attacks on said cryptographic system.
2. A method as defined in claim 1, said group being a multiplicative group Fp* said group element being an integer, and said group operation being exponentiation ga and an inverse element being the multiplicative inverse 1g.
3. A method as defined in claim 1, said group being an additive group E(F2Al) and said group operation being addition of points.
4. A method as defined in claim 1, said group being an additive group E(Fq), said group element being a point P with coordinates (x,y) on the elliptic curve, and said group operation being the scalar multiple kP of said point and an inverse element being the negative P of said point.
5. A method as defined in claim 1, said integral value being a private key k.
6. A method of perforning a selected group operation on a scalar and a selected element of said group, in a cryptographic processor, said method comprising the steps of:
representing said scalar as a binary vector;
recording said binary vector to produce a signed digit representation of plus one and minus one digits;
selecting each of said recoded bits sequentially and for each of said selected bits performing said group operation on an intermediate element to derive a new intermediate element; and adding or subtracting said selected element to said intermediate element in accordance with said sign if said digit being selected; and
outputting said intermediate value as a result of said group operation.