What is claimed is:
1. A method for coding data packets (DP) having at least one of a control command (S) and data bytes (B), comprising:
dividing the data packets (DP) into sequences of at least one of control time blocks (SB) and data time blocks (DB);
dividing the at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) into a predefined number (M) of time segments (ZS), the time segments (ZS) assuming an on-value (EW) or an off-value (AW); and
coding at least either the control command (S) into the time segments (ZS) of the control time block (SB) or the data bytes (B) into the time segments (ZS) of two consecutive data time blocks (DB), such that each time segment (ZS) with an off-value (AW) is followed by at least one time segment (ZS) with an on-value (EW).
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising dividing the data bytes (B) each into two nibbles (NH, NL) prior to said coding of two consecutive ones of the data time blocks (DB) into the time segments (ZS).
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, further comprising:
selecting a predefined first number (N) of bits (BIT0-BIT7) of one of the nibbles (NH, NL); and
coding the selected bits (BIT0-BIT7) into a second number (P) of selected time segments (ZS), wherein the number (P) of the selected time segments (ZS) has a value which corresponds to the number (N) of the bits (BIT0-BIT7) of the nibble (NH, NL) exponentiated with base 2.
4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the number (N) of bits (BIT0-BIT7) of a nibble (NH, NL) is three.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein:
the selected time segments (ZS) are consecutive,
the time segments are pre-assigned the on-value (EW), and
the respective digital values of the three selected bits (BIT0-BIT7) of the nibble (NH, NL) are coded as the off-value (AW) into the selected time segments (ZS).
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a maximum of the number (M) of the time segments (ZS) of at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) is eleven.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein, in said coding, only sequences of time segments (ZS) which form a concatenation of a maximum of three on- and off-values (EW, AW) are formed within a sequence of the data time blocks (DB).
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a maximum of the number (M) of the time segments (ZS) of at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) is twelve.
9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein, in said coding, only sequences of time segments (ZS) which form a concatenation of a maximum of two on- and off-values (EW, AW) are formed within a sequence of data time blocks (DB).
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a maximum of the number (M) of the time segments (ZS) of at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) is thirteen.
11. The method as claimed in claim 10, wherein, in said coding, within a sequence of the data time blocks (DB), a time segment (ZS) with an off-value (AW) is followed by at least two time segments (ZS) with an on-value (EW).
12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number (M) of the time segments (ZS) of at least one of the control time blocks (SB) is at maximum the number (M) of the time segments (ZS) of one of the data time blocks (DB).
13. Mobile data carrier for contactless exchange of data packets (DP) with a transceiver, comprising:
a coding device (KE1) that codes data packets (DP) having at least one of a control command (S) and data bytes (B), wherein said coding device divides the data packets (DP) into sequences of at least one of control time blocks (SB) and data time blocks (DB), divides the at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) into a predefined number (M) of time segments (ZS), the time segments (ZS) assuming an on-value (EW) or an off-value (AW), and codes at least either the control command (S) into the time segments (ZS) of the control time block (SB) or the data bytes (B) into the time segments (ZS) of two consecutive data time blocks (DB), such that each time segment (ZS) with an off-value (AW) is followed by at least one time segment (ZS) with an on-value (EW).
14. A read-write device for contactless exchange of data packets (DP) with a transciever, comprising:
a coding device (KE2) that codes data packets (DP) having at least one of a control command (S) and data bytes (B), wherein said coding device divides the data packets (DP) into sequences of at least one of control time blocks (SB) and data time blocks (DB), divides the at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) into a predefined number (M) of time segments (ZS), the time segments (ZS) assuming an on-value (EW) or an off-value (AW), and codes at least either the control command (S) into the time segments (ZS) of the control time block (SB) or the data bytes (B) into the time segments (ZS) of two consecutive data time blocks (DB), such that each time segment (ZS) with an off-value (AW) is followed by at least one time segment (ZS) with an on-value (EW).
15. An identification system, comprising:
a read-write device; and
at least one mobile data carrier;
wherein said device and said carrier are configured to exchange data packets (DP) without contacting and over a transmission path, the data packets (DP) having at least one of a control command (S) and data bytes (B); and
wherein the data packets (DP) are divided into sequences of at least one of control time blocks (SB) and data time blocks (DB), the at least one of the control time blocks (SB) and the data time blocks (DB) are divided into a predefined number (M) of time segments (ZS), the time segments (ZS) assuming an on-value (EW) or an off-value (AW), and at least either the control command (S) are coded into the time segments (ZS) of the control time block (SB) or the data bytes (B) are coded into the time segments (ZS) of two consecutive data time blocks (DB), such that each time segment (ZS) with an off-value (AW) is followed by at least one time segment (ZS) with an on-value (EW).
16. A method for coding data packets (DP) having at least one control command (S) and one data byte (B), comprising:
dividing the data packets into sequences of control time blocks (SB) and data time blocks (DB), each of the time blocks having a predetermined number (M) of time segments (ZS), and each of the time segments (ZS) having one of two digital values; and
coding at least one control command (S) in the time segments (ZS) of a control time block (SB), and coding a data byte in the time segments (ZS) of two data time blocks, wherein each of the time segments (ZS) having a first of the digital values is followed by at least one of the time segments (ZS) having the second of the digital values.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A zoom lens comprising, in order from a magnification conjugate side, a first lens unit that has a positive refractive power and is fixed during magnification variations, and a magnification-variable unit configured to move for magnification variations,
wherein the first lens unit includes, in order from the magnification conjugate side, a first lens sub-unit that has a positive refractive power and is configured to move during focusing, and a second lens sub-unit that has a positive refractive power and is configured to move during focusing,
wherein the first lens sub-unit and the second lens sub-unit are configured to move and reduce an interval between the first lens sub-unit and the second lens sub-unit for focusing from infinity to a close end, and
wherein a surface of the second lens sub-unit closest to the magnification conjugate side has a concave shape on the magnification conjugate side.
2. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the second lens sub-unit includes a cemented lens of a biconcave negative lens and a biconvex positive lens, and
wherein the biconcave negative lens is arranged closer to the magnification conjugate side than the biconvex positive lens.
3. The zoom lens according to claim 2, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
0.95<NGRNGF<1.05
where NGR is a refractive index of the biconvex positive lens in the cemented lens, and NGF is a refractive index of the biconcave negative lens in the cemented lens.
4. The zoom lens according to claim 2, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
1<(RF23+RR23)(RR23\u2212RF23)<10
where RF23 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the cemented lens closest to the magnification conjugate side, and RR23 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the cemented lens closest to a reduction conjugate side.
5. The zoom lens according to claim 2, wherein the second lens sub-unit further includes a second positive lens on a reduction conjugate side of the cemented lens along an optical path, and the following conditional expression is satisfied:
0.5<(RF4+RR4)(RR4\u2212RF4)<7
where RF4 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the second positive lens closest to the magnification conjugate side, and RR4 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the second positive lens closest to the reduction conjugate side.
6. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
1.0<f1Bf1A<3.0
where f1A is a focal length of the first lens sub-unit, and f1B is a focal length of the second lens sub-unit.
7. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
\u22121.0<f1A(RG21(NG2\u22121))<\u22120.5
where f1A is a focal length of the first lens sub-unit, RG21 is a radius of curvature of a surface closest to the magnification conjugate side in the second lens sub-unit, and NG2 is a refractive index of a lens closest to the magnification conjugate side in the second lens sub-unit.
8. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the surface having the concave shape satisfies the following conditional expression:
0.02<\u03b8gF\u2212(0.6438\u22120.001682\xd7vd)<0.08
where vd=(Nd\u22121)(NF\u2212NC), \u03b8gF=(Ng\u2212NF)(NF\u2212NC), Nd, NF, NC, and Ng are refractive indexes to d-line, F-line, C-line, and g-line.
9. The zoom lens according to claim 1, wherein the first lens sub-unit includes a single first positive lens, and the following conditional expression is satisfied:
0<(RF1+RR1)(RR1\u2212RF1)<4
where RF1 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the first positive lens closest to the magnification conjugate side in the first positive lens, and RR1 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the first positive lens closest to the reduction conjugate side.
10. An optical apparatus comprising a zoom lens according to claim 1.
11. A zoom lens comprising, in order from a magnification conjugate side, a first lens unit that has a positive refractive power and is fixed during magnification variations, and a magnification-variable unit configured to move for magnification variations,
wherein the first lens unit includes, in order from the magnification conjugate side, a first lens sub-unit that has a positive refractive power and is fixed during focusing, and a second lens sub-unit that has a positive refractive power and is configured to move during focusing,
wherein the first lens sub-unit and the second lens sub-unit are configured to reduce an interval between the first lens sub-unit and the second lens sub-unit for focusing from infinity to a close end, and
wherein a surface of the second lens sub-unit closest to the magnification conjugate side has a concave shape on the magnification conjugate side.
12. The zoom lens according to claim 11, wherein the second lens sub-unit includes a cemented lens of a biconcave negative lens and a biconvex positive lens, and
wherein the biconcave negative lens is arranged closer to the magnification conjugate side than the biconvex positive lens.
13. The zoom lens according to claim 12, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
0.95<NGRNGF<1.05
where NGR is a refractive index of the biconvex positive lens in the cemented lens, and NGF is a refractive index of the biconcave negative lens in the cemented lens.
14. The zoom lens according to claim 12, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
1<(RF23+RR23)(RR23\u2212RF23)<10
where RF23 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the cemented lens closest to the magnification conjugate side, and RR23 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the cemented lens closest to a reduction conjugate side.
15. The zoom lens according to claim 12, wherein the second lens sub-unit includes a second positive lens on a reduction conjugate side of the cemented lens along an optical path and the following conditional expression is satisfied:
0.5<(RF4+RR4)(RR4\u2212RF4)<7
where RF4 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the second positive lens closest to the magnification conjugate side, and RR4 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the second positive lens closest to the reduction conjugate side.
16. The zoom lens according to claim 11, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
1.0<f1Bf1A<3.0
where f1A is a focal length of the first lens sub-unit, and f1B is a focal length of the second lens sub-unit.
17. The zoom lens according to claim 11, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:
\u22121.0<f1A(RG21(NG2\u22121))<\u22120.5
where f1A is a focal length of the first lens sub-unit, RG21 is a radius of curvature of a surface closest to the magnification conjugate side in the second lens sub-unit, and NG2 is a refractive index of a lens closest to the magnification conjugate side in the second lens sub-unit.
18. The zoom lens according to claim 11, wherein the surface having the concave shape satisfies the following conditional expression:
0.02<\u03b8gF\u2212(0.6438\u22120.001682\xd7vd)<0.08
Where vd=(Nd\u22121)(NF\u2212NC), \u03b8gF=(Ng\u2212NF)(NF\u2212NC), Nd, NF, NC, and Ng are refractive indexes to d-line, F-line, C-line, and g-line.
19. The zoom lens according to claim 11, wherein the first lens sub-unit includes a single first positive lens, and the following conditional expression is satisfied:
0<(RF1+RR1)(RR1\u2212RF1)<4
where RF1 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the positive lens closest to the magnification conjugate side in the first positive lens, and RR1 is a radius of curvature of a surface of the first positive lens
closest to the reduction conjugate side.
20. An optical apparatus comprising a zoom lens according to claim 11.