1. A method of producing a composite material comprising the steps of:
calcining a dihydrate and unmodified starch to convert the dihydrate to a hemihydrate or stucco and to further convert the unmodified starch to a cooked starch; and
adding less than about 1% to about 15% unmodified starch during the calcining step of the dihydrate,
wherein the adding of the unmodified starch during the calcining of the dihydrate cooks the starch.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of grinding the composite material to a desired particle size distribution prior to use.
3. A method of producing a composite material comprising the step of
grinding and calcining dihydrate gypsum rocks to hemihydratestucco
cooking unmodified starch to cooked starch.
adding less than about 1% to about 15% unmodified (uncooked-raw) starch during the calcining of the gypsum rocks cooking of starch in a grinding and calcining millequipment,
wherein the cooking step is done at the same time as the grinding step.
4. The method of claim 3 further comprising the step of grinding the composite material to a desired particle size distribution prior to use.
5. A method of producing a low density gypsum ceiling tile within a density range of approximately 15.0 to approximately 25.0 pound per cubic foot comprising
using a face paper with a ceiling tile type pattern;
drying the wallboard;
cutting the wallboard into standard ceiling tile sizes; and
perforating the pattern surface to achieve suitable NRC values.
6. The gypsum based ceiling tile of claim 5 wherein the ceiling tile is adapted to minimizes or eliminate the need for a surface coating.
7. A method of producing ceiling tile comprising replacing standard materials gypsum and starch gypsum with a composite material during a water felting process.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the standard materials gypsum is partially replaced.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the standard material gypsum is completely replaced.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the ceiling tiles are cast-able ceiling tiles.
11. A method of producing a composite material comprising the steps of:
calcining a gypsum dihydrate with a strength enhancing additive to convert the dihydrate to a hemihydrate or a stucco and to further convert the strength enhancing additive to a cooked strength enhancing additive; and
adding less than about 15% strength enhancing additive during the calcining step of the dihydrate,
wherein the adding of the strength enhancing additive during the calcining of the gypsum dihydrate cooks the strength enhancing additive.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the strength enhancing additive is selected from at least one of starch or phosphate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An elder species extract comprising a fraction having a Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) mass spectrometry chromatogram of any of FIGS. 36 to 70.
2. The elder species extract of claim 1, wherein the fraction has a DART mass spectrometry chromatogram of any of FIGS. 46 to 50.
3. The elder species extract of claim 1, wherein the fraction has a DART mass spectrometry chromatogram of FIG. 48.
4. An elder species extract comprising a fraction having an IC50 of 150 to 1500 \u03bcgmL as measured in a H1N1 influenza inhibition assay.
5. The elder species extract of claim 4, wherein the fraction has an IC50 of 150 to 750 \u03bcgmL as measured in a H1N1 influenza inhibition assay.
6. The elder species extract of claim 4, wherein the fraction has an IC50 of 150 to 300 \u03bcgmL.
7. The elder species extract of claim 4, wherein the fraction has an IC50 of at least about 195 \u03bcgmL.
8. The elder species extract of claim 1 or 4, wherein the fraction comprises an anthocyanin; flavonoid; C16 or C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, alcohol, or ester; andor a polysaccharide.
9. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the anthocyanin is selected from the group consisting of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambucioside.
10. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the amount of anthocyanins is greater than 10% by weight.
11. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the flavonoid is rutin.
12. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the C16 or C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, alcohol, or ester is selected from the group consisting of hexadecanol, hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid butyl ester, octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, octadecanoic acid butyl ester, 9-octadecen-1-ol, 9,12-octadecanienoic acid, and combinations thereof.
13. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the amount of the C16 or C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, alcohol, or ester is at least about 2% by weight.
14. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the polsaccharide is selected from the group consisting of dextran, glucose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, uronic acid, and combinations thereof.
15. The elder species extract of claim 8, wherein the amount of polysaccharide is at least about 10% by weight.
16. The elder species extract of claim 8 comprising an anthocyanin; C16 or C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, alcohol, or ester; and a polysaccharide.
17. The elder species extract of claim 16, wherein the anthocyanin is selected from the group consisting of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambucioside.
18. The elder species extract of claim 16, wherein the amount of anthocyanin is greater than 10% by weight.
19. The elder species extract of claim 16, wherein the C16 or C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, alcohol, or ester is selected from the group consisting of hexadecanol, hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid butyl ester, octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, octadecanoic acid butyl ester, 9-octadecen-1-ol, 9,12-octadecanienoic acid, and combinations thereof.
20. The elder species extract of claim 16, wherein the amount of the C16 or C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, alcohol, or ester is at least about 2% by weight.
21. The elder species extract of claim 16, wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of dextran, glucose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, uronic acid, and combinations thereof.
22. The elder species extract of claim 16, wherein the amount of polysaccharide is at least about 10% by weight.
23. Food or medicament comprising the elder species extract of claim 1 or 4.
24. A method of treating a subject infected with a virus comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of the elder species extract of claim 1 or 4.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the virus is an envelope virus.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the envelope virus is a flavie virus.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein the virus is a non-envelope virus.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of influenza viruses, human flu viruses A and B, avian flu viruses, H1N1, H5N1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARs, herpes simplex viruses (HSV), flaviviruses, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and encephalitis viruses.
29. The method of claim 24, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of Norwalk virus, hepatitis A, polio, andoviruses and rhinoviruses.
30. The method of claim 24, wherein the subject is a primate, aviary, bovine, ovine, equine, porcine, rodent, feline, or canine.
31. The method of claim 24, wherein the subject is a human.
32. A method of inhibiting virus infection of cells comprising contacting the cells with the elder species extract of claim 1 or 4.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the virus is an envelope virus.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the envelope virus is a flavie virus.
35. The method of claim 32, wherein the virus is a non-envelope virus.
36. The method of claim 32, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of influenza viruses, human flu viruses A and B, avian flu viruses, H1N1, H5N1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARs, herpes simplex viruses (HSV), flaviviruses, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and encephalitis viruses.
37. The method of claim 32, wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of Norwalk virus, hepatitis A, polio, andoviruses and rhinoviruses.
38. A method of preparing an elder species extract having at least one predetermined characteristic comprising: sequentially extracting an elder species plant material to yield an essential oil fraction, a polyphenolic fraction and a polysaccharide fraction by
a) extracting an elder species plant material by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to yield the essential oil fraction and a first residue;
b) extracting either an elder species plant material or the first residue from step a) with water at about 40\xb0 C. to about 70\xb0 C. or with a hydro-alcoholic extraction to yield the polyphenolic fraction and a second residue; and
c) extracting the second residue from step b) by water at about 70\xb0 C. to about 90\xb0 C. extraction to yield the polysaccharide fraction.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein step a) comprises:
1) loading in an extraction vessel ground elder species plant material;
2) adding carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions;
3) contacting the elder species plant material and the carbon dioxide for a time; and
4) collecting an essential oil fraction in a collection vessel.
40. The method of claim 39, further comprising the step of altering the essential oil chemical constituent compound ratios by fractionating the essential oil extraction with a supercritical carbon dioxide fractional separation system.
41. The method of claim 38, wherein step b) comprises:
1) contacting ground elder species plant material or the residue from step a) with water at about 40\xb0 C. to about 70\xb0 C. or a hydro-alcoholic solution for a time sufficient to extract polyphenolic chemical constituents;
2) passing the water or hydro-alcoholic solution of extracted polyphenolic chemical constituents from step a) through an affinity adsorbent resin column wherein the polyphenolic acids including the anthocyanidins, are adsorbed; and
3) eluting the purified polyphenolic chemical constituent fraction(s) from the affinity adsorbent resin.
42. The method of claim 38, wherein the method for polysaccharide fraction extraction comprises:
1) contacting the second residue from step b) with water at about 70\xb0 C. to about 90\xb0 C. for a time sufficient to extract polysaccharides; and
2) precipitating the polysaccharides from the water solution by ethanol precipitation.
43. An elder species extract prepared by the method of any of claims 38 to 42.
44. An elder species extract comprising pyrogallol, methyl cinnamic acid at 15 to 25% by weight of the pyrogallol, cinnamide at 1 to 4% by weight of the pyrogallol, 2-methoxyphenol at 5 to 10% by weight of the pyrogallol, benzaldehyde at 1 to 2% by weight of the pyrogallol, cinnamaldehyde at 5 to 10% by weight of the pyrogallol, and cinnamyl acetate at 5 to 15% by weight of the pyrogallol.
45. An elder species extract comprising rutin, ferulic acid at 20 to 30% by weight of the rutin, cinnamic acid at 25 to 35% by weight of the rutin, shikimic acid at 15 to 25% by weight of the rutin, and phenyllacetic acid at 55 to 65% by weight of the rutin.
46. An elder species extract comprising rutin, taxifolin at 1 to 10% by weight of the rutin, ferulic acid at 1 to 5% by weight of the rutin, cinnamic acid at 1 to 5% by weight of the rutin, shikimic acid at 0.5 to 5% by weight of the rutin, phenyllacetic acid at 1 to 5% by weight of the rutin, cyanidin at 5 to 15% by weight of the rutin, and petunidin at 15 to 25% by weight of the rutin.
47. An elder species extract comprising rutin, cyanidin at 30 to 40% by weight of the rutin, petunidin at 75 to 85% by weight of the rutin, vanillic acid at 5 to 10% by weight of the rutin, ferulic acid at 1 to 5% by weight of the rutin, and cinnamic acid at 1 to 10% by weight of the rutin.
48. An elder species extract comprising p-coumaric acidphenylpyruvic acid, rutin at 65 to 75% by weight of the p-coumaric acidphenylpyruvic acid, vanillic acid at 65 to 75% by weight of the p-coumaric acidphenylpyruvic acid, ferulic acid at 35 to 45% by weight of the p-coumaric acidphenylpyruvic acid, cinnamic acid at 65 to 75% by weight of the p-coumaric acidphenylpyruvic acid, and shikimic acid at 45 to 55% by weight of the p-coumaric acidphenylpyruvic acid.
49. An elder species extract comprising rutin, hesperidin at 20 to 30% by weight of the rutin, vanillic acid at 70 to 80% by weight of the rutin, and cinnamic acid at 40 to 50% by weight of the rutin.
50. An elder species extract comprising petunidin, rutin at 85 to 95% by weight of the petunidin, vanillic acid at 55 to 65% by weight of the petunidin, and cinnamic acid at 30 to 40% by weight of the petunidin.
51. An elder species extract comprising rutin, cyanidin at 5 to 15% by weight of the rutin, taxifolin at 1 to 10% by weight of the rutin, caffeic acid at 5 to 15% by weight of the rutin, ferulic acid at 1 to 10% by weight of the rutin, shikimic acid at 1 to 10% by weight of the rutin, petunidin at 25 to 35% by weight of the rutin, and eriodictyol or fustin at 1 to 5% by weight of the rutin.
52. An elder species extract comprising rutin, cyanidin at 10 to 20% by weight of the rutin, eriodictyol or fustin at 1 to 5% by weight of the rutin, naringenin at 10 to 20% by weight of the rutin, and taxifolin at 1 to 10% by weight of the rutin.