1. A process for preparing a catalyst composition comprising:
(a) contacting a molecular sieve composition with a solution of a solvent and a solute under ion-exchange conditions to form an exchanged molecular sieve composition, wherein said solute comprises at least one of an amide compound, an imide compound, a strong proton donor, or any combination thereof, said solute has a solubility in said solvent of at least 0.05 g per 100 grams of said solvent, wherein said ion-exchange conditions comprise a temperature from about 0\xb0 C. to less than 100\xb0 C., wherein said solution is substantially free of ammonium salt; and
(b) separating said exchanged molecular sieve from the mixture of the step (a).
2. The process of claim 1, wherein said molecular sieve has a Constraint Index of less than or equal to 12.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein said molecular sieve composition comprises at least one of zeolite X, zeolite Y, zeolite beta, TS-1, TS-2, ETS-10, ETAS-10, ETGS-10, MCM-22, MCM-36, MCM-41, MCM-48, MCM-49, MCM-50, MCM-56, MCM-65, MCM-71, EMM-10, EMM-10P, ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-18, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-39, ZSM-48, ZSM-50, ZSM-57, ZSM-58, Mordenite, Faujasite, zeolite L, Ferrierite, SAPO-11, SAPO-17, SAPO-18, SAPO-34, SAPO-44.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein said solvent comprises at least one of water, alcohol, or DMSO.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein said strong proton donor comprises at least one of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, or carbonic acid.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein said amide compound comprises at least one of carbamide, alkyl carbamate, carbamic acid, or cyanamide.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein said amide compound comprises urea.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein said solution has a solute concentration of at least 1 gram solute per 100 grams of said solvent.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein said ion-exchange conditions have a temperature ranging from 0\xb0 C. to 250\xb0 C., a pressure ranging from 10 kPa-a to 1000 kPa-a, a pH ranging from about 0 to 14, and a molar ratio of cation exchange capacity of said molecular sieve composition over cation per charge of said solute range from 0.005 to 200.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein said molecular sieve composition comprises at least one molecular sieve crystal and at least one binder.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein said molecular sieve composition is formed into extrudates by extruding said molecular sieve crystal and said binder.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein said molecular sieve crystal is calcined under calcination conditions prior to said extruding step.
13. The process of claim 1, further comprising a step of calcining said exchanged molecular sieve composition in N2 andor air at a temperature greater than 300\xb0 C. after step (b).
14. The process of claim 1, further comprising step of calcining said molecular sieve composition in N2 andor air at a temperature greater than 300\xb0 C. prior to said step (a).
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A hot-water supply apparatus, which has a heat pump refrigeration cycle having a compressor, a water-heat exchanger and an outdoor heat exchanger, and stores hot water in a hot-water tank by circulating water of a hot-water tank through a water-heat exchanger by operating a pump, comprising:
a control section of a defrosting operation using hot water, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger to the compressor through the water-heat exchanger, while operating the pump;
a control section of a quick defrosting operation, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger directly to the compressor, while stopping the pump;
a temperature sensor which detects the temperature of water that has flowed into the water-heat exchanger, and
a control section for temperature control, which selectively executes the defrosting operation using hot water, and quick defrosting operation, according to the temperature detected by the temperature sensor.
2. The hot-water supply apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a control section of a hot-water supplying operation, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the water-heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the water-heat exchanger to the compressor through the outdoor heat exchanger, while operating the pump.
3. The hot-water supply apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control section for temperature control executes the defrosting operation using hot water when a temperature detected by the temperature sensor is over a preset value, and executes the quick defrosting operation when a temperature detected by the temperature sensor is below a preset value.
4. A hot-water supply apparatus, which has a heat pump refrigeration cycle having a compressor, a water-heat exchanger and an outdoor heat exchanger, and stores hot water in a hot-water tank by circulating water of a hot-water tank through a water-heat exchanger by operating a pump, comprising:
a control section of a defrosting operation using hot water, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger to the compressor through the water-heat exchanger, while operating the pump;
a control section of a quick defrosting operation, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger directly to the compressor, while stopping the pump;
a control section of a quick defrosting operation using hot water, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger to the compressor through the water-heat exchanger, and returns a part of the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger directly to the compressor, while operating the pump;
a temperature sensor which detects the temperature of water that has flowed into the water-heat exchanger; and
a control section for temperature control, which selectively executes the defrosting operation using hot water, quick defrosting operation, and quick defrosting operation using hot water, according to temperatures detected by the temperature sensor.
5. The hot-water supply apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising a control section of a hot-water supplying operation, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the water-heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the water-heat exchanger to the compressor through the outdoor heat exchanger, while operating the pump.
6. The hot-water supply apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the control section for temperature control executes the defrosting operation using hot water when a temperature Twi detected by the temperature sensor is over a preset value Twi2, and executes the quick defrosting operation when a temperature Twi detected by the temperature sensor is below a preset value Twi1 (<Twi2), and executes the quick defrosting operation using hot water when a temperature Twi detected by the temperature sensor is over a preset value Twi1 and below a preset value Twi2.
7. A hot-water supply apparatus, which has a heat pump refrigeration cycle having a compressor, a water-heat exchanger and an outdoor heat exchanger, and stores hot water in a hot-water tank by circulating water of a hot-water tank through a water-heat exchanger by operating a pump, comprising:
a control means of a defrosting operation using hot water, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger to the compressor through the water-heat exchanger, while operating the pump;
a control, means of a quick defrosting operation, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the outdoor heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the outdoor heat exchanger directly to the compressor, while stopping the pump;
a temperature sensor which detects the temperature of water that has flowed into the water-heat exchanger; and
a control means for temperature control, which selectively executes the defrosting operation using hot water, and quick defrosting operation, according to temperatures detected by the temperature sensor.
8. The hot-water supply apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a control means of a hot-water supplying operation, which causes refrigerant discharged from the compressor to flow to the water-heat exchanger, and returns the refrigerant passed through the water-heat exchanger to the compressor through the outdoor heat exchanger, while operating the pump.
9. The hot-water supply apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the control means for temperature control executes the defrosting operation using hot water when a temperature detected by the temperature sensor is over a preset value, and executes the quick defrosting operation when a temperature detected by the temperature sensor is below a preset value.