1. A sail wing for an aircraft comprising:
a front spar;
a sail wing membrane attached to the front spar; and
a tensioned rear wire attached to a trailing edge of the sail wing membrane, such that when the front spar includes a curve that matches a curve of the tensioned trailing edge of the sail wing membrane, the sail wing membrane has substantially little or no twist along a span of the sail wing membrane, the front spar curve being substantially concave when viewed from below the front of the aircraft, and wherein
the front spar is pre-curved to substantially match the shape of the trailing edge curve so that plural curved sail wing cross sections are at a substantially uniform angle of attack.
2. The sail wing for an aircraft according to claim 1, wherein the front spar comprises a composite material having a molded pre-curve.
3. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar comprises a metal material having the pre-curve formed therein.
4. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the curve of the front spar is configured to substantially minimize induced drag that results from twisting of the sail wing membrane.
5. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar comprises a wood material having the pre-curve formed therein.
6. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially catenary curve.
7. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially parabolic curve.
8. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially hyperbolic curve.
9. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially circular curve.
10. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a curve that takes into account aircraft design criteria selected from the group consisting of aerodynamic loads, allowable tension in the tensioned rear wire, a type of material the sail wing is made of, one or more wing airfoils, and a twist in the wing.
11. The sail wing according to claim 1, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a curve that takes into account aircraft design criteria comprising: aerodynamic loads; allowable tension in the tensioned rear wire; a type of material the sail wing is made of; one or more wing airfoils, and a twist in the wing.
12. A lightweight aircraft, comprising:
a fuselage; vertical control surfaces appended to the fuselage;
horizontal control surfaces appended to the fuselage; and
a wing structure appended to the fuselage, wherein the wing structure includes a pre-curved front spar; a wing structure membrane attached to the front spar; and a tensioned rear wire attached to a trailing edge of the wing structure membrane, such that when the front spar is pre-curved to match a curve of the tensioned trailing edge of the wing structure membrane, the wing structure membrane has substantially little or no twist, the front spar curve being substantially concave when viewed from below the front of the aircraft, and wherein
the front spar is pre-curved to substantially match the shape of the trailing edge curve so that plural curved sail wing cross sections are at a substantially uniform angle of attack.
13. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar comprises a composite material having a molded pre-curve.
14. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar comprises a metal material having the pre-curve formed therein.
15. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the pre-curve of the front spar is configured to substantially minimize induced drag that results from twisting of the wing structure membrane.
16. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar comprises a wood material having the pre-curve formed therein.
17. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially catenary curved shape.
18. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially parabolic curved shape.
19. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially hyperbolic curved shape.
20. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the front spar pre-curve comprises a substantially circular curved shape.
21. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12 wherein the lightweight aircraft comprises a solar-powered aircraft.
22. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12 wherein the lightweight aircraft comprises a glider.
23. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12 wherein the lightweight aircraft comprises an ultra-light aircraft.
24. The lightweight aircraft according to claim 12, wherein the wing structure further comprises one or more additional tensioned rear wires attached to the trailing edge of the wing structure membrane.
25. A sail wing for an aircraft comprising:
a front spar; and
a tensioned sail wing membrane attached to the front spar, such that when the front spar includes a curve that matches a curve of the tensioned trailing edge of the tensioned sail wing membrane, the tensioned sail wing membrane has substantially little or no twist along a span of the tensioned sail wing membrane, the front spar curve being substantially concave when viewed from below the front of the aircraft, and wherein
the front spar is pre-curved to substantially match the shape of the trailing edge curve so that plural curved sail wing cross sections are at a substantially uniform angle of attack.
26. The sail wing according to claim 25, wherein the pre-curve of the front spar is configured to substantially minimize induced drag that results from twisting of the tensioned sail wing membrane.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A computer-implemented method for optimizing a database query in a computer system, comprising:
monitoring, in the computer system, resource usage of one or more resources of the computer system, to identify resource bottlenecks and other conditions in the computer system, and to perform one or more resource allocation rules of a rule set to define the way in which the computer system operates, wherein each of the resource allocation rules includes a working value that indicates whether the resource allocation rule is active or not;
generating, in the computer system, a query execution plan for the database query using estimated cost information stored in a cost model, wherein the cost model is modified using one or more condition codes representative of the monitored resource usage, to manage the resource bottlenecks and other conditions in the computer system, such that the estimated cost information associated with the resource is weighted in response to the condition code, so that the generated query execution plan uses less of the resource, wherein each of the condition codes is assigned a timestamp to indicate when the condition code expires;
executing, in the computer system, one or more steps of the query execution plan to retrieve data from a database stored on the computer system;
generating, in the computer system, actual cost information for each of the executed steps;
re-calculating, in the computer system, the estimated cost information using the actual cost information based on confidence in the estimated cost information; and
executing, in the computer system, one or more of the resource allocation rules based on the re-calculated estimated cost information, wherein the resource allocation rules are defined to control resource allocation for the query execution plan and each of the resource allocation rules defined for a current step of the query execution plan is executed, before a next step of the query execution plan is executed, such that, when the resource allocation rules are violated during the execution of the current step of the query execution plan, the computer system automatically performs a configured corrective action to control resource usage by the query execution plan, and execution of the next step of the query execution plan is delayed until after all of the resource allocation rules defined for the current step of the query execution plan have been executed and their resulting configured corrective actions have been completed, thereby preventing inefficient database queries from consuming excessive resources of the computer system, while managing user expectations and concurrently smoothing peaks and valleys of usage.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated cost information and actual cost information are associated with a step.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the actual cost information is stored after being generated.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated cost information is re-calculated using the actual cost information, when confidence in the estimated cost information is low.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated cost information is re-calculated using the actual cost information, only when the step has one or more resource allocation rules defined thereon.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the estimated cost information is not re-calculated, when confidence in the estimated cost information is high.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the resource allocation rules are defined on one or more of the steps of the query execution plan.
8. A computer-implemented apparatus for optimizing a database query, comprising:
a computer system, executed by a processor, configured for:
monitoring, in the computer system, resource usage of one or more resources of the computer system, to identify resource bottlenecks and other conditions in the computer system, and to perform one or more resource allocation rules of a rule set to define the way in which the computer system operates, wherein each of the resource allocation rules includes a working value that indicates whether the resource allocation rule is active or not;
generating, in the computer system, a query execution plan for the database query using estimated cost information stored in a cost model, wherein the cost model is modified using one or more condition codes representative of the monitored resource usage, to manage the resource bottlenecks and other conditions in the computer system, such that the estimated cost information associated with the resource is weighted in response to the condition code, so that the generated query execution plan uses less of the resource, wherein each of the condition codes is assigned a timestamp to indicate when the condition code expires;
executing, in the computer system, one or more steps of the query execution plan to retrieve data from a database stored on the computer system;
generating, in the computer system, actual cost information for each of the executed steps;
re-calculating, in the computer system, the estimated cost information using the actual cost information based on confidence in the estimated cost information; and
executing, in the computer system, one or more of the resource allocation rules based on the re-calculated estimated cost information, wherein the resource allocation rules are defined to control resource allocation for the query execution plan and each of the resource allocation rules defined for a current step of the query execution plan is executed, before a next step of the query execution plan is executed, such that, when the resource allocation rules are violated during the execution of the current step of the query execution plan, the computer system automatically performs a configured corrective action to control resource usage by the query execution plan and execution of the next step of the query execution plan is delayed until after all of the resource allocation rules defined for the current step of the query execution plan have been executed and their resulting configured corrective actions have been completed, thereby preventing inefficient database queries from consuming excessive resources of the computer system, while managing user expectations and concurrently smoothing peaks and valleys of usage.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the estimated cost information and actual cost information are associated with a step.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the actual cost information is stored after being generated.
11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the estimated cost information is re-calculated using the actual cost information, when confidence in the estimated cost information is low.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the estimated cost information is re-calculated using the actual cost information, only when the step has one or more resource allocation rules defined thereon.
13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the estimated cost information is not re-calculated, when confidence in the estimated cost information is high.
14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the resource allocation rules are defined on one or more of the steps of the query execution plan.
15. An article of manufacture comprising one or more non-transitory storage devices tangibly embodying instructions that, when executed by a computer system, result in the computer system performing a method for optimizing a database query, the method comprising:
monitoring, in the computer system, resource usage of one or more resources of the computer system, to identify resource bottlenecks and other conditions in the computer system, and to perform one or more resource allocation rules of a rule set to define the way in which the computer system operates, wherein each of the resource allocation rules includes a working value that indicates whether the resource allocation rule is active or not;
generating, in the computer system, a query execution plan for the database query using estimated cost information stored in a cost model, wherein the cost model is modified using one or more condition codes representative of the monitored resource usage, to manage the resource bottlenecks and other conditions in the computer system, such that the estimated cost information associated with the resource is weighted in response to the condition code, so that the generated query execution plan uses less of the resource, wherein each of the condition codes is assigned a timestamp to indicate when the condition code expires;
executing, in the computer system, one or more steps of the query execution plan to retrieve data from a database stored on the computer system;
generating, in the computer system, actual cost information for each of the executed steps;
re-calculating, in the computer system, the estimated cost information using the actual cost information based on confidence in the estimated cost information; and
executing, in the computer system, one or more of the resource allocation rules based on the re-calculated estimated cost information, wherein the resource allocation rules are defined to control resource allocation for the query execution plan and each of the resource allocation rules defined for a current step of the query execution plan is executed, before a next step of the query execution plan is executed, such that, when the resource allocation rules are violated during the execution of the current step of the query execution plan, the computer system automatically performs a configured corrective action to control resource usage by the query execution plan, and execution of the next step of the query execution plan is delayed until after all of the resource allocation rules defined for the current step of the query execution plan have been executed and their resulting configured corrective actions have been completed, thereby preventing inefficient database queries from consuming excessive resources of the computer system, while managing user expectations and concurrently smoothing peaks and valleys of usage.
16. The article of claim 15, wherein the estimated cost information and actual cost information are associated with a step.
17. The article of claim 15, wherein the actual cost information is stored after being generated.
18. The article of claim 15, wherein the estimated cost information is re-calculated using the actual cost information, when confidence in the estimated cost information is low.
19. The article of claim 15, wherein the estimated cost information is re-calculated using the actual cost information, only when the step has one or more resource allocation rules defined thereon.
20. The article of claim 15, wherein the estimated cost information is not re-calculated, when confidence in the estimated cost information is high.
21. The article of claim 15, wherein the resource allocation rules are defined on one or more of the steps of the query execution plan.