1. A method for integrating a synthetic hologram in a directly observable image of a scene, comprising the steps of:
defining a first image (IMAGE_G) of said scene, comprising grayscale pixels;
forming first and second matrixes from the first image, the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W) comprising pixels of a first and of a second shade according to whether the corresponding pixel of the first image (IMAGE_G) has a gray level greater than or smaller than a threshold (\u03b1), each element of the second matrix (IMAGE_G\u2032) comprising a value equal to the gray level difference between the corresponding pixel of the first image (IMAGE_G) and the corresponding pixel of the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W);
forming a third pixel matrix (\u03c6H) by calculating the phase image of the Fourier transform of an image originating from a second source image of the hologram (IMAGE_H);
forming a fourth pixel matrix (IMAGE_F), each pixel of the fourth matrix comprising a central area having its surface area determined based on the corresponding element of the second matrix (IMAGE_G\u2032) and off-centered in the pixel according to the corresponding pixel of the third matrix (\u03c6H); and
performing a lithography of an opaque layer at the surface of a wafer according to the pattern defined by the fourth pixel matrix (IMAGE_F), the lithography being provided to remove, from a pixel, the opaque layer inside of the central area if the equivalent pixel of the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W) is of the first shade and to remove the opaque layer outside of the central area if the equivalent pixel of the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W) is of the second shade.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the size of the central area of each of the pixels of the fourth matrix (IMAGE_F) is calculated from the value of the corresponding pixel of a fifth pixel matrix (IMAGE_GA), each pixel of the fifth matrix (IMAGE_GA) being obtained by calculation of the diffracted amplitude of an aperture defined in a pixel, the ratio of the aperture surface area to the pixel surface area being equal to the value of the corresponding element of the second matrix (IMAGE_G\u2032).
3. The method of claim 2, wherein amplitude Ahnm of a pixel of the fifth matrix (IMAGE_GA) depends on value Inm of the corresponding element of the second matrix (IMAGE_G\u2032) according to the following relation:
A
nm
h
=
I
nm
2
\xb7
J
1
\ue8a0
(
8
\ue89e
\ue89e
I
nm
)
J1 being the first Bessel function.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the third matrix (\u03c6H) is obtained by carrying out the steps of:
(a) calculating a sixth amplitude matrix (IMAGE_HA) obtained from the second source image of the hologram (IMAGE_H) by carrying out the same steps as those enabling to obtain the fifth matrix (IMAGE_GA) from the second matrix (IMAGE_G\u2032);
(b) combining the pixels of the sixth amplitude matrix (IMAGE_HA) with a random phase distribution or with a continuous component to obtain a complex value; and
(c) calculating the phase image of the Fourier transform of said complex value.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the third matrix (\u03c6H) is obtained by an optimization method taking advantage of the fifth matrix (IMAGE_GA).
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the optimization method comprises:
(a) calculating a sixth amplitude matrix (IMAGE_HA) obtained from the second source image of the hologram (IMAGE_H) by carrying out the same steps as those enabling to obtain the fifth matrix (IMAGE_GA) from the second matrix (IMAGE_G\u2032);
(b) combining (82) the pixels of the sixth amplitude matrix (IMAGE_HA) with a random phase distribution or with a continuous component to obtain a first complex value;
(c) calculating (84) the Fourier transform of the first complex value;
(d) combining (86) the pixels of the sixth pixel matrix (IMAGE_GA) with the pixels of the phase image resulting from the Fourier transform of step (c) to obtain a second complex value;
(e) calculating (88) the inverse Fourier transform of the second complex value;
(f) combining (82) the pixels of the sixth amplitude matrix (IMAGE_HA) with the pixels of the phase image resulting from the calculation (88) of step (e) to obtain a new first complex value;
(g) repeating step (c) to calculate (84) the Fourier transform of the new first complex value, the third matrix (\u03c6H) corresponding to the phase image obtained from this last Fourier transform.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the optimization method further comprises the repeating of steps (d) to (g), the third matrix (\u03c6H) corresponding to the phase image obtained at step (g) after several cycles of repeating of steps (d) to (g).
8. The method of claim 7, wherein at least three cycles are carried out.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the off-centering of the central area of each pixel of the fourth matrix is directly proportional (IMAGE_F) to the value of the corresponding pixel of the third matrix (\u03c6H).
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the gray level threshold (\u03b1) is equal to 0.5, to within 10%, on a normalized grayscale.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the central area of each pixel of the fourth matrix (IMAGE_F) is elliptic.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the aspect ratio of the elliptic central area of each pixel of the fourth matrix (IMAGE_F) is equal to \u03c02.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first shade of the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W) is a minimum shade, the second shade of the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W) is a maximum shade, the lithography being provided to remove the opaque layer inside of the central area of a pixel if the equivalent pixel of the first matrix (IMAGE_GB&W) has the first shade and to remove the opaque layer outside of the central area of a pixel if the equivalent pixel of the first matrix (IMAGEGB&W) has the second shade.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein a minimum size of the central area of each pixel of the fourth matrix (IMAGE_F) is imposed.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the minimum size of the central area of the pixels of the fourth matrix (IMAGE_F) corresponds to a gray level of 0.02 for dark pixel shades and of 0.98 for light pixel shades, on a normalized grayscale.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A separation media for fluids comprising:
a base mixture of organic and inorganic components, the base mixture comprising at least one anti-microbial component; and at least one component of the base mixture comprising a charge-modified group covalently bonded to the surface of the at least one anti-microbial component.
2. The separation media of claim 1 wherein the charge-modified group covalently bonded to at least one component of the base mixture is selected from the group comprising:
charge-carrying monomers, charge-carrying macromolecules, charge-carrying polymers and mixtures thereof.
3. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the charge-modified group contains a functional group selected from the group comprising:
alkoxy, azeridinium, epoxy, reactive hydrogens, and mixtures thereof.
4. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the base mixture is selected from the group comprising:
diatomaceous earth, activated carbon, polymers, perlite, porous and non-porous ceramic materials, glass fibers, glass spheres, and combinations thereof.
5. The separation media of claim 1 wherein, the covalently bonded charge-modifying group is permanently associated with at least one component of the base mixture.
6. The separation media of claim 1 wherein, the anti-microbial component has a positive zeta potential at pH from about 5 to about 9.
7. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the molecular mass of charge-carrying monomers, charge-carrying macromolecules, and charge-carrying polymers is less than about 5,000.
8. The separation media of claim 1 wherein, the base mixture includes a polymer of olefin, or polymer having functional groups of \u2014NH2, \u2014OH, \u2014NH, C\u2550O, \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014O\u2014, and combinations thereof.
9. The separation media of claim 8 wherein, the polymers are selected from the group comprising:
cellulose, nylon, polyester, polyurethane, modified polyethylene and polypropylene, and combinations thereof.
10. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the charge-carrying monomer comprises: an organo-silane having alkoxy groups having the following formula:
A1A2A3SiCpH2pB\u2295(ClH2l+1)(CmH2m+1)(CnH2n+1)X\u2296;
wherein A1, A2, and A3 are independently CrH2r+1O or OH, where r is in the range of 1 to 5, p is in the range of 1 and 10, B comprises nitrogen or phosphorus, l, m, and n are individually in the range of 1 and 32, and X\u2296 is an anion, selected from the group comprising:
Cl, Br, I, NO3, OH, ClO3, SO3, SO4, MnO4, PF6, or BF4, and combinations thereof.
11. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the charge-carrying monomer comprises an organo-silane having an alkoxy group according to the following formula:
A1A2A3SiCpH2pN\u2295(C5H5)X\u2296;
wherein A1, A2, and A3 are independently CrH2r+1O or OH, r is in the range of 1 to 5, p is in the range of 1 to 30, N\u2295(C5H5) is a pyridinium group, and X is Cl, Br, I, NO3, ClO3, SO3, SO4, MnO4, PF6, or BF4 and combinations thereof.
12. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the at least one charge-carrying macromolecule has branch structure including a plurality of terminals.
13. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the at least one of the charge carrying macromolecules includes a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium group operatively connected to one or more of the branch terminals.
14. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the at least one of the charge carrying macromolecules includes the following repeat unit:
where n is between about 5 and about 24.
15. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the at least one of the charge carrying macromolecules includes the following repeat unit:
where n is between about 5 and about 16.
16. The separation media of claim 2 wherein, the charge carrying macromolecules includes a linking molecule according to the following structure for covalently bonding to at least one component of the base mixture:
where, R1, R2, and R3 are H’s or C1 to C5 alkyl groups, R4 is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon chain, or the combination of the two, or amino-aliphatic chain, with carbon atoms up to 30.
17. The separation media of claim 1 wherein, the base inorganic component further comprises:
a compound selected from the group comprising:
a single transition metal compound or mixtures of transition metal compounds, incorporated therewith by an incipient-wetness impregnation method.
18. The separation media of claim 17 wherein, the transition metal compound includes transition metal oxide, halide, and sulfide.
19. The separation media of claim 17 wherein, the transition metal compound includes:
Ag2O, AgO, Ag2S and AgCl.
20. The separation media of claim 17 wherein, at least one of the transition metal compounds is dissolved in a solvent having an equal or a lower surface tension than water.