1. A junction field effect transistor comprising:
an N-type channel region having a first end and a second end opposite said first end and further having a first side and a second side opposite said first side;
N-type sourcedrain regions adjacent to said first end and said second end;
a first P-type gate adjacent to said first side; and
a second P-type gate adjacent to said second side, wherein at least one of said first P-type gate and said second P-type gate comprises any one of silicon germanium and silicon germanium carbide.
2. The junction field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising:
a substrate;
an insulator layer on said substrate; and
an N-type semiconductor layer on said insulator layer, said N-type sourcedrain regions comprising N-type implant regions in said semiconductor layer,
said N-type channel region comprising a portion of said semiconductor layer separating said N-type implant regions,
said first P-type gate comprising any one of a first P-type silicon germanium layer and a first P-type silicon germanium carbide layer filling a first trench that is positioned laterally adjacent to said first side of said N-type channel region, and
said second P-type gate comprising any one of the following:
a P-type implant region adjacent to said second side of said N-type channel region; and
any one of a second P-type silicon germanium layer and a second P-type silicon germanium carbide layer filling a second trench that is positioned laterally adjacent to said second side of said N-type channel region.
3. The junction field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising:
a silicon substrate; and
a first N-well in said substrate,
said first P-type gate comprising a P-well in said substrate above and abutting said first N-well,
said N-type channel region comprising a second N-well in said substrate above and abutting said P-well, and
said second P-type gate comprising any one of a P-type silicon germanium layer and a P-type silicon germanium carbide layer filling a trench that extends vertically from a top surface of said substrate to said second N-well, said trench having a bottom surface that abuts said N-type channel region and is above and physically separated from said first P-type gate.
4. The junction field effect transistor of claim 3,
said N-type sourcedrain regions comprising N-type implant regions at said top surface of said substrate and abutting said N-type channel region,
said N-type implant regions having a higher concentration of an N-type dopant than said N-type channel region,
said second P-type gate being positioned laterally between said N-type implant regions, and
said field effect transistor further comprising isolation structures isolating said N-type implant regions from said second P-type gate.
5. The junction field effect transistor of claim 4, further comprising:
a first contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first P-type gate; and
a second contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first N-well.
6. The junction field effect transistor of claim 1, further comprising:
a silicon substrate; and
an N-well in said substrate,
said first P-type gate comprising any one of a first P-type silicon germanium layer and a first P-type silicon germanium carbide layer in a lower portion of a first trench that extends vertically from a top surface of said substrate to said N-well,
said N-type channel region comprising an N-type silicon layer in said first trench on said first P-type gate, and
said second P-type gate comprising a P-type semiconductor layer filling a second trench that extends vertically into said N-type silicon layer, said second trench having a bottom surface that abuts said N-type channel region and is above and physically separated from said first P-type gate.
7. The junction field effect transistor of claim 6, said P-type semiconductor layer comprising any one of a P-type silicon layer, a second P-type silicon germanium layer and a second P-type silicon germanium carbide layer.
8. The junction field effect transistor of claim 6,
said N-type sourcedrain regions comprising N-type implant regions at said top surface of said substrate abutting said N-type channel region,
said N-type implant regions having a higher concentration of an N-type dopant than said N-type channel region,
said second P-type gate being positioned laterally between said N-type implant regions, and
said field effect transistor further comprising isolation structures isolating said N-type implant regions from said second P-type gate.
9. The junction field effect transistor of claim 6, further comprising: a first contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first P-type gate; and a second contact extending vertically from said top surface to said N-well.
10. A method of forming a junction field effect transistor, said method comprising:
forming N-type sourcedrain regions adjacent to a first end of an N-type channel region and adjacent to a second end of an N-type channel region opposite said first end; and
forming a first P-type gate adjacent to a first side of said N-type channel region and a second P-type gate adjacent to a second side of said N-type channel region opposite said first gate such that at least one of said first P-type gate and said second P-type gate comprises any one of silicon germanium and silicon germanium carbide.
11. The method of claim 10, further comprising providing wafer comprising a substrate, an insulator layer on said substrate and an N-type semiconductor layer on said insulator layer, said forming of said N-type sourcedrain regions comprising forming N-type implant regions in said N-type semiconductor layer such that said N-type implant regions are separated by a designated portion of said N-type semiconductor layer comprising said N-type channel region.
12. The method of claim 10, said forming of said first P-type gate comprising:
forming a first trench positioned laterally adjacent to said first side of said N-type channel region; and
filling said first trench with any one of a first silicon germanium layer and a first silicon germanium carbide layer.
13. The method of claim 12, said forming of said second P-type gate comprising any one of the following:
forming a P-type implant region in said N-type semiconductor layer adjacent to said second side of said N-type channel region; and
essentially simultaneously with said forming of said first P-type gate, forming a second trench positioned laterally adjacent to said second side of said N-type channel region and filling said second trench with any one of a second silicon germanium layer and a second silicon germanium carbide layer.
14. A method of forming a junction field effect transistor, said method comprising:
providing a silicon substrate;
forming a first N-well in said substrate;
forming a first P-type gate for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said first P-type gate comprising forming a P-well in said substrate above and abutting said first N-well;
forming an N-type channel region for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said N-type channel region comprising forming a second N-well in said substrate above and abutting said P-well; and
forming a second P-type gate for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said second P-type gate comprising:
forming a trench that extends vertically from said top surface of said substrate to said second N-well, said trench having a bottom surface that abuts said N-type channel region and is above and physically separated from said first P-type gate; and
filling said trench with any one of a silicon germanium layer and a silicon germanium carbide layer.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising, forming N-type sourcedrain regions for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said N-type sourcedrain regions comprising forming N-type implant regions at said top surface of said substrate, said N-type implant regions being formed so as to abut said N-type channel region, so as to have a higher concentration of an N-type dopant than said N-type channel region and so that said second P-type gate is positioned laterally between said N-type implant regions; and
forming isolation structures so that said N-type sourcedrain regions are isolated from said second P-type gate.
16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
forming a first contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first P-type gate; and
forming a second contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first N-well.
17. The method of claim 16, said first contact being formed so as to be electrically connected to said second P-type gate.
18. A method of forming a junction field effect transistor, said method comprising:
comprising:
providing a silicon substrate;
forming an N-well in said substrate;
forming a first trench that extends vertically from a top surface of said substrate into said N-well;
forming a first P-type gate for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said first P-type gate comprising forming any one of a first P-type silicon germanium layer and a first P-type silicon germanium carbide layer in a lower portion of said first trench;
forming an N-type channel region for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said N-type channel region comprising forming an N-type silicon layer in said first trench on said first P-type gate; and
forming a second P-type gate for said junction filed effect transistor, said forming of said P-type gate comprising:
forming a second trench extending vertically to said N-type silicon layer, said second trench having a bottom surface that abuts said N-type channel region and is above and physically separated from said first P-type gate; and
filling said second trench with a semiconductor layer.
19. The method of claim 18, said filling of said second trench comprising filling said second trench with any one of a silicon layer, a second silicon germanium layer and a second silicon germanium carbide layer.
20. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forming N-type sourcedrain regions for said junction field effect transistor, said forming of said N-type sourcedrain regions comprising forming N-type implant at a top surface of said substrate, said N-type implant regions being formed so as to abut said N-type channel region, so as to have a higher concentration of an N-type dopant than said N-type channel region and so that said second P-type gate is positioned laterally between said N-type implant regions; and
forming isolation structures so that said N-type sourcedrain regions are isolated from said second P-type gate.
21. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forming a first contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first P-type gate; and
forming a second contact extending vertically from said top surface to said first N-well.
22. The method of claim 21, said first contact being formed so as to be electrically connected to said second P-type gate.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A compound of the Formula I:
247
or a pharmaceutically-acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or mixture of stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 are each independently: hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, amine, amide, alkylamine, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, thioaryl, or R1 and R2 may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted ring including a heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloaryl or heteroaryl group;
R3 is hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, amine, amide, alkylamine, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
R4, R4, R8, and R8 are each independently hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, amine, alkylamine, amide, carboxylic acid, ester, nitro, sulfide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
X is a bond, straight chain or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, -(alkyl)N, -(alkyl)O, CN, carbonyl, phosphorus, or sulfur;
Y is nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein, if Y is oxygen or sulfur, R2 is not present; and
n is an integer from 0 to about 4;
with the proviso that compounds of Formula I do not include a compound where R1, R2, R3, R4, R4, R8, R8 are hydrogen, X is a bond, and n0 or 1; or a compound where R3, R4, R4, R8, and R8 are hydrogen, X is a bond, n0, one of R1 or R2 is a hydrogen, and the other is a 4-piperidinyl or N-substituted 4-piperidinyl.
2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R1 and R2 are each independently saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 16 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 12 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl group having at least one oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom within the ring, wherein, if present, the substituent is least one C1-C4 alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or C1-C4 alkylamine;
R3 is hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl C1-C8 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 16 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 12 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl having at least one oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom within the ring, wherein, if present, the substituent, is at least one hydroxy, fluoride, chloride, bromine, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, nitro, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or C1-C4 alkylamine;
R4, R4, R8, and R8 each independently is hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, amine, C1-C4 alkylamine, carboxylic acid, ester, C1-C4 amide, halide, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, or sulfonamide;
X is a bond, straight chain or branched substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, (C1-C4 alkyl)N, (C1-C4 alkyl)O, carbonyl, or sulfur;
Y is nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein, if Y is oxygen or sulfur, R2 is not present; and
n is from 0 to about 1.
3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
X is a bond, methylene, or ethylene;
Y is nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein, if Y is oxygen or sulfur, R2 is not present; and
n is 1.
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted quinolinyl, substituted or unsubstituted acridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzodioxanyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenylphenolyl, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, nitro, fluoride, chloride, or bromide;
X is a methylene;
Y is nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein, if Y is oxygen or sulfur, R2 is not present; and
n is 1.
5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R1, R2, or R3is a benzimidazole.
6. The compound according to claim 5, wherein X is a bond or methylene, R3 is a 2-benzimidazole, and at least one of R1 or R2 is a 2-benzimidazole or 2-methylenebenzimidazole.
7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula I is an enantiomer or diastereomer.
8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R4 and R8 are hydrogen, methyl, methyl ester, ethyl ester, C1-C2 amide, carboxylic acid, methoxy, or sulfonamide.
9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R4 and R8 are both hydrogen.
10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein R4, R4, R8, and R8 are all hydrogen.
11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R4, R4, R8, or R8 is not hydrogen.
12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein at least two of R4, R4, R8, and R8 are not hydrogen.
13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein at least three of R4, R4, R8, and R8 are not hydrogen.
14. The compound according to claim 1 having Formula VII:
248
15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester;
1-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-1H-benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid methyl ester;
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-piperidin-3-yl-methanol;
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol;
2-1-1-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-piperidin-2-yl-ethanol;
1,2,4Oxadiazol-3-ylmethyl-2-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-ylmethyl-1H-benzoimidazole;
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)piperazine;
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)piperazine;
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazine;
(R)-1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol;
(S)-1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester;
(S)-1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid amide;
2-4-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-piperazin-1-yl-acetamide;
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid 1 (1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl ester; and
1-1-(1H-Benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1 H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid 1-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl ester.
16. A compound of the Formula II:
249
or a pharmaceutically-acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or mixture of stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 are each independently: hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, amine, amide, alkylamine, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt,. sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, thioaryl, or R1 and R2 may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted ring including a heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloaryl or heteroaryl group;
R3 is hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present the substiuent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, amine, amide, alkylamine, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
R4, R4, R8, and R8 are each independently hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present the substituent is at least one alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, amine, cyano. alkanoyl, imide, amine, amide, alkylamine, amide, carboxylic acid, ester, nitro, sulfide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, halogen, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
17. The compound according to claim 16, wherein
R1 and R2 are each independently: C1-C8 saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 16 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered arylalkyl, 4 to 12 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl with at least one oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom within the ring, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or alkylamine.
18. The compound according to claim 16, wherein
R3 is C1-C4 straight chain or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered arylalkyl, or 4 to 12 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl with at least one oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom within the ring, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one hydroxy, halide, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, nitro, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or C1-C4 alkylamine.
19. The compound according to claim 16, wherein
R4, R4, R8, and R8 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, amine, C1-C4 alkylamine, C1-C4 amide, carboxylic acid, ester, halide, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, or sulfonamide.
20. The compound according to claim 16, wherein at least one of R1, R2, or R3 is a benzimidazole.
21. The compound according to claim 16, wherein R3 is a 2-benzimidazole, and at least one of R1 or R2 is a 2-benzimidazole or 2-methylene benzimidazole.
22. The compound according to claim 16, wherein the compound of Formula II is an enantiomer or diastereomer.
23. The compound according to claim 16, wherein R4, R4, R8, and R8 are hydrogen.
24. The compound according to claim 16, wherein at least one of R4, R4, R8, or R8 is not hydrogen.
25. The compound according to claim 16 having Formulas VIII, IX, X, or XI:
250
26. A compound of the Formula III:
251
or a pharmaceutically-acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or mixture of stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
R1 and R2 are each independently: hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, alkanoyl, or imide, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkyl, alkanoyl, imide, alkoxy, carboxylic acid, amine, amide, alkylamine, cyano, halide, hydroxy, nitro, thiol, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
R4, R4, R5, R5, R8, R8, R9, and R9 are each independently hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, amine, alkylamine, amide, carboxylic acid, ester, nitro, sulfide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl; and
R6 is hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated,saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, nitro, thiol, alkanoyl, imide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, azo, diazo, carbamate, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, ketone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, sulfone, or sulfonic acid.
27. The compound according to claim 26, wherein:
R1, and R2 are each independently saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted C1-C11 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C11 alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 13 membered heteroaryl, alkanoyl, or imide, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one C1-C4 alkyl, cyano, fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxy, nitro, or thiol.
28. The compound according to claim 26, wherein:
R4, R4, R5, R5, R8, R8, R9, and R9 are each independently hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, amine, C1-C4 alkylamine, C1-C4 amide, carboxylic acid, ester, halide, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, or sulfonamide.
29. The compound according to claim 26, wherein:
R6 is a saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C2-C6 alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 6 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 5 membered heterocycloalkyl having at least one oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom within the ring, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 16 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered heteroaryl having at least one oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom in the ring, C1-C4 alkanoyl, or imide, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one C1-C4 alkyl, cyano, fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxy, nitro, or thiol.
30. The compound according to claim 26, wherein:
R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-propynyl, pentyl, hexyl, 2-butylyl, 2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-pyridinyl)ethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl, 3-pyridinylmethyl, 2,5-difluorobenzyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylmethyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 4-phenylbutyl, 2-phosphonatethyl, 3-(2-methyl)ethoxypropyl, 2-(2-thiophenyl)ethyl, N-benzyl-4-piperidinyl, 3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propyl, 2-(N,N-diethyl)ethyl, tetrahydrofuranylmethyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
31. The compound according to claim 26, wherein R6 is hydrogen.
32. The compound according to claim 26, wherein the compound of Formula III is an enantiomer or diastereomer.
33. The compound according to claim 26, wherein R4, R5, R8, and R9 are hydrogen.
34. The compound according to claim 26, wherein at least one of R4, R4, R8, and R8 is not hydrogen.
35. The compound according to claim 26, wherein at least two of R4, R4, R8, and R8 are not hydrogen.
36. The compound according to claim 26, wherein at least one of R5, R5, R9, and R9 is not hydrogen.
37. The compound according claim 26 having Formula XII:
252
38. A compound of the Formula IV:
253
or a pharmaceutically-acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or mixture of stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
R1NR2 form a saturated or unsaturated substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl ring, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy, amides, sulfonamides, esters, hydroxy, halide, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, carbonyl, nitro, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
R4, R4, R5, R5, R6, R8, R8, R9, and R9 are each independently hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, amine, alkylamine, amide, carboxylic acid, ester, nitro, sulfide, sulfonyl, or sulfonamide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl; and
R6 is hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, nitro, alkanoyl, imide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl.
39. The compound according to claim 38, wherein:
R1NR2 form a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heteroaryl, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 esters, hydroxy, fluoride, chloride, bromide, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 6 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, carbonyl, or nitro.
40. The compound according to claim 38, wherein:
R4, R4, R5, R5, R6, R8, R8, R9, and R9 are each independently hydrogen, C-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, amine, C1-C4 alkylamine, C1-C4 amide, carboxylic acid, ester, halide, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, or sulfonamide.
41. The compound according to claim 38, wherein R4, R5, R8, and R9 are hydrogen.
42. The compound according to claim 38, wherein at least one of R4, R4, R8, and R8 is not hydrogen.
43. The compound according to claim 38, wherein R5, R5, R9, and R9 are hydrogen.
44. The compound according to claim 38, wherein at least one of R5, R5, R9, and R9 is not hydrogen.
45. The compound according to claim 38, wherein R6 is hydrogen.
46. The compound according to claim 38, wherein:
R1NR2 form a 5, 6, or 8 membered ring; and
R4, R4, R5, R5, R6, R8, R8, R9, and R9 are each independently are hydrogen C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C2 alkoxy, amine, C1-C2 alkylamine, fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C2 sulfide, or C1-C2 sulfonyl.
47. The compound according to claim 38, wherein the 5, 6, or 8 membered ring formed by R1NR2 is a pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, piperazinyl, quinolinyl, acridinyl, thiazole, morpholinyl, or unsubstituted or substituted phenyl wherein, if present, the substituent, if present, is at least one methyl, ethyl, ester, methanol, 2-ethanol, or aldehyde.
48. The compound according to claim 38, wherein:
R1NR2 form a cyclic structure: 2,5-dihydropyrrolyl, 3,5-dimethylpyrrolidinyl, 2-hydroxymethylpyrrolidinyl, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidinyl, N-carbaldehydepiperazinyl, N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazinyl, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazinyl, N-(benzylcarbate)piperazinyl, tetrahydrothiazolyl, N-(4-acetylphenyl)piperazinyl, or cyclooctazanyl.
49. The compound according to claim 38, wherein the compound of Formula IV is an enantiomer or diastereomer.
50. The compound according to claim 38 having Formula XII:
254
51. The compound according to claim 38 having Formula XIV:
255
52. A compound of the Formula V:
256
or a pharmaceutically-acceptable prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, clathrate, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemate or mixture of stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
R1 is hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, nitro, alkanoyl, imide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl.
R3 is hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, amine, alkylamine, amide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
R4, R4, R5, R5, R7, R7, R8, R8, R9, R9, R10, and R10 are each independently hydrogen, halide, saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, amine, alkylamine, amide, carboxylic acid, ester, nitro, sulfide, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl;
R6 is hydrogen,saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloaryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one alkanoyl, imide, alkyl, hydroxy, halide, methoxy, ethoxy, carboxylic acid, cyano, nitro amide, amine, amide, alkylamine, acetal, acetylene, aminal, amino acid, amino acid ester, azo, diazo, azide, carbamate, carboxylic acid ester, carboalkoxy ester, cyanohydrin, diazonium salt, glucoside, glucuronide, halocarbon, polyhalocarbon, halocarbonoxy, polyhalocarbonoxy, hydroxylamine, ketone, lactone, nitrile, nitrile oxide, N-oxides, nucleoside linked, oxime, phosphate, phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, quaternary ammonium salt, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfonate ester, sulfinate ester, sulfonic acid, thioacetal, thiocarboxylic acid, thiol, or thioaryl; and
m is an integer from 0 to about 4.
53. The compound according to claim 52, wherein:
R1 is saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted C1-C11 alkyl, C1-C12 alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C11 alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 10 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 12 membered arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 13 membered heteroaryl, alkanoyl, or imide, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one C1-C4 alkyl, cyano, fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxy, nitro, or thiol.
54. The compound according to claim 52, wherein:
R3 is hydrogen, C1-C8 saturated or unsaturated straight or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 16 membered aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered arylalkyl, or 4 to 12 membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl with at least one oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen atom within the ring, wherein, if present, the substituent is at least one hydroxy, halide, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 sulfide, C1-C4 sulfonyl, nitro, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, or C1-C4 alkylamine.
55. The compound according to claim 52, wherein:
R4, R4, R5, R5, R7, R7, R8, R8, R9, R9, R10, and R10 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, methyl ester, ethyl ester, C1-C2 amide, carboxylic acid, methoxy, or sulfonamide;
R6 is hydrogen or benzimidazole; and
m is 1.
56. The compound according to claim 52, wherein R4, R5, R7, R8, R9, and R10 are hydrogen.
57. The compound according to claim 52, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
58. The compound according to claim 52, wherein at least one R4, R4, R8, and R8, are not hydrogen.
59. The compound according to claim 52, wherein at least two R5, R5, R9, and R9, are not hydrogen.
60. The compound according to claim 52, wherein at least one R7, R7, R10, and R10 are not hydrogen.
61. A compound of the formula:
257
62. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
63. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 16 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
64. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 38 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
66. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 52 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
67. A method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, 16, 26, 38 or 52 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
68. The method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a viral infection according to claim 67, wherein the compound is administered orally, parenterally, transdermally, or mucosally.
69. The method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a viral infection according to claim 67, wherein the compound is administered in an amount from about 10 mgkgday to about 15 mgkgday.
70. The method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a viral infection according to claim 67, wherein the mammal is a human subject.
71. The method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a viral infection according to claim 67, wherein the human subject is a human infant.
72. A method of inhibiting membrane fusion associated events characteristic of a viral infection in a mammal comprising administering the compound of claim 1, 16, 26, 38 or 52 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
73. A method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with a HPIV infection in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the compound of claim 1, 16, 26, 38 or 52 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.