What is claimed is:
57. An apparatus for fractionating solid fuels into a gaseous fraction, a coal fraction, and a non-coal fraction, which comprises:
a) gasifying means including a first end and a second end;
b) a feeding zone at the first end of the gasifying means;
c) a solid fuels feeding means, placed at the feeding zone of the gasifying means, to control feeding of solid fuels;
d) a gasifying zone coupled to the feeding zone wherein partial combustion takes place;
e) air feeding means connected to the gasifying zone for feeding air for the partial combustion of solid fuels, including a hot air input from a suitable source at the gasifying zone in order to control the temperature thereof;
f) retaining means in the gasifying zone for controlling permeability and residence time of the solid fuels in the gasifying zone, including cooling means located inside the retaining means to avoid melting of the solid fuel on the retaining means;
g) driving means for the retaining means adapted to completely put or withdrawn said retaining means for discharging the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction after complete separation of the gaseous fraction of the solid fuels and for continuously discharging solids and avoiding formation of agglomerates in the gasifying means;
h) a gas exhaust into which the gaseous fraction is discharged from the gasifying zone for further use;
i) a discharging zone coupled to the gasifying zone; and
j) discharging means at the discharging zone which receives the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the gasifying zone and which discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the discharging zone;
wherein the solid fuel coal, solid and gaseous fraction follow a path inside the apparatus through the feeding zone, the gasifying zone and discharging zone, and wherein the air feeding means, provide an air current that is co-current with the solid fuels fractions path inside the apparatus.
58. An apparatus for fractionating whole tires having tire beads of steel wire into a gaseous fraction, a coal fraction, and a non-coal fraction, which comprises:
a) gasifying means including a first end and a second end;
b) a feeding zone at the first end of the gasifying means;
c) a whole tire feeding means, placed at the feeding zone of the gasifying means to control the feeding of the whole tires;
d) a gasifying zone coupled to the feeding zone wherein partial combustion of the whole tires takes place;
e) air feeding means connected to the gasifying zone for feeding air for the partial combustion of the whole tires, including a hot air input from a suitable source at the gasifying zone in order to control the temperature thereof;
f) retaining means in the gasifying zone for controlling permeability and residence time of the whole tires in the gasifying zone, including cooling means located inside the retaining means to avoid melting of the whole tires on the retaining means;
g) driving means for the retaining means adapted to completely put or withdrawn said retaining means for discharging the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction after complete separation of the gaseous fraction of the whole tires and for continuously discharging steel wire and other solids and avoiding formation of agglomerates in the gasifying means;
h) a gas exhaust into which the gaseous fraction is discharged from the gasifying zone for further use;
i) a discharging zone coupled to the gasifying zone; and
j) discharging means at the discharging zone which receives the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the gasifying zone and which discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the discharging zone;
wherein the whole tire coal, solid and gaseous fraction follows a path inside the apparatus through the feeding zone, the gasifying zone and discharging zone, and wherein the air feeding means, provide a hot air current that is co-current with the solid fuels fractions path inside the apparatus.
59. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the solid fuels feeding means comprise a feeding valve including driving means to open and close said feeding valve.
60. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the solid fuels feeding means comprise a plurality of gates in which solid fuels are fed.
61. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the retaining means comprise a plurality of grills.
62. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the cooling means of the retaining means include internal pipes inside the retaining means into which cool water is circulated by means of a pump.
63. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the cooling means of the retaining means include internal pipes inside the retaining means into which cool air is circulated by means of a pump.
64. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the driving means for the retaining means comprise hydraulic motors alternately introduce or withdraw said retaining means.
65. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the solid fuels feeding means feeds the solid fuel to the gasifying zone, by a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly.
66. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging means discharge the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the gasifying zone, by a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly.
67. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the discharging zone to outside of the apparatus, by gravity.
68. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the discharging zone to outside of the apparatus, by a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly.
69. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging valves include driving means which open and close said discharging means in order to discharge the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the apparatus.
70. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the air feeding means include a hot air input which takes hot air from a tertiary air duct of a cement kiln, and the gas exhaust means discharges the gaseous fraction to a pre-calcinator or calcinator section of the cement kiln to substitute primary fuel, and the coal fraction to a kiln input to substitute primary fuel and the non-coal fraction is integrated to a cement clinker.
71. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging means discharges the non-coal fraction to a feeding conveyor belt of a kiln for producing cement.
72. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction to a main burner of a kiln for producing cement.
73. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the air feeding means include a hot air input which takes hot air from a cement clinker cooler and the discharging means discharge the non-coal fraction outside of the gasifying means, to containers for an application to a recuperator of a cement kiln having no pre-calcinator.
74. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the discharging means discharge the coal fraction into a main burner of a cement kiln having no pre-calcinator.
75. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the gasifying means comprises a vertical column.
76. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the whole tire feeding means valve comprise a feeding valve including driving means to open and close said feeding valves.
77. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the whole tire feeding means comprises a plurality of gates in which whole tires are fed.
78. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the retaining means comprise a plurality of grills.
79. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the retaining means comprising a mesh and wherein the cooling means of the retaining means include internal pipes inside said mesh, into which cool water is circulated by means of a pump.
80. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the driving means for the retaining means comprise hydraulic motors to alternately introduce or withdraw said mesh.
81. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means comprise a plurality of gates.
82. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means include driving means.
83. The apparatus according to claim 82, wherein the driving means of the discharging means comprises hydraulic motors which raise and lower said discharging means.
84. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein whole tire feeding means feed the whole tires to the gasifying zone by gravity.
85. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the whole tire feeding means feeds the whole tires to the gasifying zone by a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly.
86. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharge the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the gasifying zone to the discharging zone by gravity.
87. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the gasifying zone by a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly.
88. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the discharging zone to outside of the apparatus by gravity.
89. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the discharging zone to outside of the apparatus by a hydraulic piston and cylinder assembly.
90. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging valves include driving means which open and close the discharging means in order to discharge the coal fraction and the non-coal fraction from the apparatus.
91. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the hot air input of the air feeding means takes hot air from a tertiary air duct of a cement kiln, the gaseous fraction is discharged through the gas exhaust to a pre-calcinator or calcinator section of the cement kiln to substitute primary fuel, and the coal and non-coal fractions are discharged through the discharging zone by the discharging means to a kiln input to substitute the primary fuel and integrated into a cement clinker respectively.
92. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharges the non-coal fraction to a feeding conveyor belt of a cement kiln.
93. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction to a main burner of a cement kiln.
94. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the air feeding means includes a hot air input which takes hot air from a cement clinker cooler and the discharging means discharge the non-coal fraction outside of the gasifying means, to containers for an application to a recuperator of a cement kiln having no pre-calcinator.
95. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the discharging means discharges the coal fraction into a main burner of a cement kiln having no pre-calcinator for producing cement.
96. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the apparatus operates at a temperature of between about 900 C. and about 1150 C.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A substantially emulsifier-free, clear, stable, single phase, water based, homogeneous insect repellent sunscreen composition, consisting essentially of:
(a) about 1 weight % to about 45 weight % of a hydrophobic sunscreen component;
(b) about 3 weight % to about 70 weight % of an amido insect repellent component;
(c) about 10 weight % to about 60 weight % of at least one alcohol component having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms; and
(d) 5 weight % to about 40 weight % of water, said components (b) and (c) being present in an amount sufficient to provide a clear homogeneous composition, and wherein the amido insect repellent component serves as a co-solvent with the low molecular weight alcohol component to enable the water component and the hydrophobic sunscreen component to be combined to produce the single phase, clear, stable, water based, homogeneous insect repellent sunscreen composition, said composition being substantially emulsifier-free, all percents being by weight of the total composition.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the oil soluble sunscreen component is at least one selected from the group consisting of benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone), dioxybenzone, menthyl anthranilate, para aminobenzoic acid (PABA), octyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), octocrylene, drometrizole trisiloxane, octyl salicylate (octisalate), homomenthyl salicylate (homosalate), octyl dimethyl PABA, butylmethoxy dibenzoylmethane (avobenzone), 4-methyl benzilidene camphor, octyl triazone, ethyl PABA, hydroxy methylphenyl benzotriazole, methylene bisbenzotriazoyl-tetramethylbutylphenol, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine, and mixtures thereof.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the amido insect repellent component is at least one selected from the group consisting of piperidine insect repellents and butylacetylaminopropionate ethyl ester.
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the piperidine insect repellent is at least one selected from the group consisting of picaridin and its stereoisomers, 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbony 1)-2 -methylpiperidine and its stereoisomers, and mixtures thereof.
5. The composition of claim 1, also including at least one water soluble sunscreen component selected from the group consisting of sulisobenzone, triethanolamine salicylate, terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid, phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid, and mixtures thereof.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amido insect repellent component varies from about 7% to about 50% by weight of the total composition.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the alcohol component is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethanol, butanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, pentanol, methylcyclopentanol, hexanol, decanol, cyclohexanol, and mixtures thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1, also including at least one film former.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the film former is selected from the group consisting of acrylate polymers, acrylate copolymers, polyesters, cellulosic materials, polyurethane resins, carbomers, and mixtures thereof.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein sunscreen component is a liquid.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sunscreen component is a solid.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sunscreen composition has a Sun Protection Factor that varies from about 2 to about 60.
13. The composition of claim 1, also including a polyol component.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the polyol component is at least one selected from the group consisting of butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerin, and mixtures thereof.
15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the polyol component varies from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the total composition.
16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sunscreen is present in an amount of from about 5% to about 35%; the amido insect repellent is present in an amount of from about 10% to about 35%; the at least one alcohol is present in an amount of from about 15% to about 60%, and water is present in an amount of from about 10% to about 35%, the composition having an Sun Protection Factor of from about 8 to about 45.
17. The composition of claim 16, also including a polyol component present in an amount of from about 1 weight % to about 20 weight % and a film former present in an amount of from about 0.05 weight % to about 10 weight %.
18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the sunscreen is selected from the group consisting of benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone), dioxybenzone, menthyl anthranilate, para aminobenzoic acid (PABA), octyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), octocrylene, drometrizole trisiloxane, octyl salicylate (octisalate), homomenthyl salicylate (homosalate), octyl dimethyl PABA, butylmethoxy dibenzoylmethane (avobenzone), 4-methyl benzilidene camphor, octyl triazone, ethyl PABA, hydroxy methylphenyl benzotriazole, methylene bisbenzotriazoyl-tetramethylbutylphenol, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenol triazine, and mixtures thereof; wherein the amido insect repellent is at least one selected from the group consisting of piperidine insect repellents and butylacetylaminopropionate ethyl ester; wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethanol, butanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, pentanol, methylcyclopentanol, hexanol, decanol, cyclohexanol, and mixtures thereof; and wherein the polyol component is selected from the group consisting of butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, glycerin, and mixtures thereof.
19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the film former is selected from the group consisting of acrylate polymers, acrylate copolymers, polyesters, cellulosic materials, polyurethane resins, carbomers, and mixtures thereof, and is present in an amount of from about 0.25 weight % to about 5 weight %.
20. A method for preparing a clear, water based, homogeneous insect repellent sunscreen composition of claim 1 comprising:
(a) admixing at least one oil soluble hydrophobic sunscreen component, at least one amido insect repellent component, at least one low molecular weight alcohol component, and water; wherein the amido insect repellent component and the alcohol component function as co-solvents to solubilize the hydrophobic sunscreen component with the water component to produce the clear, homogenous insect repellent sunscreen composition
21. The method of claim 20, also including admixing the components with at least one polyol.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein a first premix is formed comprising the sunscreen component, the amido insect repellent component, and the one low molecular weight alcohol component, wherein a second premix is formed comprising water, and wherein the second premix is added to the first premix with agitation.