1. A liquid crystal display having at least the following layers:
a front polarizer, a transparent substrate of glass or plastic,
a first transparent conductive oxide having a transmittance in the visible wavelength of at least 80% and comprising a layer of metal doped zinc oxide applied by sputtering,
a liquid crystal alignment layer,
a liquid crystal layer, and
a second transparent conductive oxide layer including a pattern in the layer.
2. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 wherein the second transparent conductive oxide layer includes a pattern in the layer.
3. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 wherein the second transparent conductive comprises indium tin oxide.
4. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first transparent conductive layer is from about 10 to about 2000 nm in thickness.
5. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 4 wherein the first transparent conductive layer is from about 50 to about 400 nm in thickness.
6. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 wherein the first transparent conductive layer is deposited using a sputtering target by magnetron sputtering or by pulsed laser deposition.
7. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 wherein the target comprises zinc oxide doped with a metal at a level of level of from 0.05% to 5%.
8. A liquid crystal display as set forth in claim 1 wherein the metal used for the doping comprises one or more of aluminum or gallium alone, or in combination with each other, and one or more of indium or silicon.
9. A device having at least the following layers:
a transparent substrate of glass or plastic;
a transparent conductive oxide comprising a layer of zinc oxide doped with a group III, IV, V, or transition metal dopant, and applied by sputtering; and
a liquid crystal layer and a liquid crystal alignment layer or a light emitting layer.
10. A device as set forth in claim 9 wherein the transparent conductive oxide is zinc oxide doped with less than 5% of the dopant.
11. A device as set forth in claim 10 wherein the transparent conductive oxide is zinc oxide doped with one or more from group III, IV, V, or transition metal dopant.
12. A device as set forth in claim 11 wherein the zinc oxide is doped with aluminum or gallium alone, or in combination with each other, and optionally including indium.
13. A device as set forth in claim 12 wherein the transparent conductive oxide layer also includes less than 1% of a co-dopant.
14. A device as set forth in claim 13 wherein the co-dopant is from group III, IV, V, or transition metal dopant such as boron, silicon, titanium, niobium and indium.
15. A device as set forth in claim 9, which is one of a liquid crystal display or an organic light emitting diode display.
16. A method of making a device comprising the steps of forming a composite comprising, a transparent substrate of glass or plastic, a transparent conductive oxide comprising a layer of zinc oxide doped with a group III, IV, V, or transition metal dopant, a liquid crystal layer and a liquid crystal alignment layer or a light emitting layer, and including the step of applying the transparent conductive oxide layer to the transparent substrate layer by sputtering unto the substrate from a sputtering target having a microstructure having an average grain size of less than 100 \u03bcm and density of more than 75% TD.
17. A method of making a device as set forth in claim 16 wherein the device is a liquid crystal display.
18. A method of making a device as set forth in claim 17 wherein the sputtering target has an average grain size of 20 \u03bcm and density of 95% TD and above.
19. A display having at least the following layers:
a transparent substrate of glass or plastic;
a first transparent conductive oxide comprising a layer of metal doped zinc oxide applied by sputtering from a sputtering target having a microstructure having an average grain size of 25-100 \u03bcm and density of more than 75% TD;
a light emissive layer; and
a second transparent conductive oxide layer.
20. A display as set forth in claim 19 wherein the density of the sputtering target is in the range of 75-100% TD.
21. A display as set forth in claim 19 wherein the density of the sputtering target is above 90%.
22. A display as set forth in claim 19 in the microstructure is less than 50 \u03bcm grain size.
23. A display as set forth in claim 22 in the microstructure is less than 20 \u03bcm grain size.
24. A display as set forth in claim 19 wherein a first transparent conductive oxide is applied by DC sputtering.
25. A display as set forth in claim 19 in which the resistivity of the first transparent conductive oxide is in the range of 1E10-3 \u03a9\xb7cm at a thickness of less than 300 nm.
26. A display as set forth in claim 25 in which the resistivity of the first transparent conductive oxide is in the range or lower than 1E10-3 \u03a9\xb7cm at a thickness of less than 200 nm.
27. A display having at least the following layers:
a transparent substrate of glass or plastic;
a first transparent conductive oxide comprising a layer of metal doped zinc oxide including a dopant of aluminum or gallium alone, or in combination with each other, and optionally including indium and applied by sputtering from a sputtering target having a microstructure having an average grain size of 25-100 \u221em and density of more than 75% TD, and the first transparent conductive oxide having a resistivity of from 1E10 to 3 \u03a9\xb7cm at a thickness of less than 300 nm;
a light emissive layer; and
a second transparent conductive oxide layer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a housing including a substantially symmetrical chamber;
orifices in the housing adapted to extrude a first substance from the symmetrical chamber, the orifices being generally symmetrically spaced from each other; and,
a plurality of tubes adapted to carry a second substance, the tubes extending through the symmetrical chamber in generally symmetrical relationship to each other, and each tube having a terminal end cooperatively aligned with a respective one of the orifices to extrude a second substance within the first substance.
2. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a housing including a chamber; orifices in the housing adapted to extrude a first substance from the chamber, the orifices being generally symmetrically spaced from each other;
an inlet in the chamber for admitting a first extrudable substance into the chamber, the chamber being sufficiently symmetrical about the inlet to provide substantially equal paths for the first substance from the inlet to the orifices; and,
a plurality of tubes adapted to carry a second substance, the tubes extending through the chamber in generally symmetrical relationship to each other, and each tube having a terminal end cooperatively aligned with a respective one of the orifices to extrude a second substance within the first substance.
3. A multiple-orifice multiple-layer extrusion apparatus comprising:
a plurality of means for combining a plurality of extrudable substances into an axially-layered, generally cylindrical product and for extruding the product as a continuous body; a plurality of extruders for providing the plurality of extrudable substances; a plurality of flow paths, one for each extrudable substance, the flow paths being between the extruders and the means for combining a plurality of extrudable substances, the flow path for each extrudable substance being sufficiently symmetrical relative to other flow paths for that extrudable substance that a flow of the extrudable substance is substantially equal at each of the combining means.
4. The extrusion apparatus of claim 3, including means to divide the continuous product body into discrete lengths after the product is extruded.
5. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a first housing defining an outer chamber and including an extrusion wall;
a plurality of orifices extending through the extrusion wall, the orifices being adapted for extruding a first substance from the outer chamber;
an inlet in the first housing for flowing the first substance into the outer chamber, the inlet located so as to permit flow of the first substance symmetrically within the outer chamber;
a second housing within the first and defining an inner chamber, the second housing being located within the outer chamber to permit symmetrical flow of the first substance around the second housing; and,
a plurality of tubes extending from the second housing, each tube having a first open end opening into the inner chamber and a second open end cooperatively aligned with an orifice for extruding a second substance from the inner chamber through the tube and within the first substance.
6. The manifold of claim 5 wherein the extrusion wall presenting a substantially right circular cylindrical outer surface.
7. The manifold of claim 5 wherein the extrusion wall presents a generally cylindrical outer surface which includes a flat facet area surrounding each orifice.
8. The manifold of claim 5 wherein the extrusion wall presents a generally planar surface.
9. The manifold of claim 5 wherein the first housing includes a second extrusion wall having a plurality of orifices adapted for extruding the first substances from the outer chamber.
10. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a plurality of extrusion orifices; a means for flowing an outer layer substance from a first extruder output symmetrically to the extrusion orifices;
the means for flowing an outer layer substance providing a fixed and equal flow path from the first extruder output to each extrusion orifice;
a means for flowing an inner layer substance from a second extruder output to the extrusion orifices; and,
the means for flowing an inner layer substance providing a fixed and equal flow path from the extruder output to each extrusion orifice.
11. A multiple-extrusion manifold comprising:
a first housing defining an outer chamber and including an extrusion wall;
a plurality of orifices extending through the extrusion wall, the orifices being adapted for extruding a first substance from the outer chamber;
a second housing within the first defining an inner chamber having an axis;
a plurality of tubes on the second housing each tube having a first open end opening into the inner chamber and a second open end cooperatively aligned with an orifice for extruding a second substance from the inner chamber, through the tube, and within the first substance; and,
each of the tubes extending away from the inner chamber at an angle to the axis thereof.
12. The manifold of claim 11 wherein the angle is 90 degrees.
13. The manifold of claim 11 wherein the angle is 60 degrees.
14. The manifold of claim 11 including an outer chamber inlet tube having a longitudinal axis and an inner chamber inlet tube with a longitudinal axis, the longitudinal axes of the inlet tubes being coaxial with the inner chamber axis.
15. The manifold of claim 11 wherein the extrusion wall presenting a substantially right circular cylindrical outer surface.
16. The manifold of claim 11 wherein the extrusion wall presents a generally cylindrical outer surface which includes a flat facet area surrounding each orifice.
17. The manifold of claim 11 wherein the extrusion wall presents a generally planar surface.
18. The manifold of claim 11, including a second extrusion wall having a plurality of orifices therethrough, the orifices adapted to extrude a first substance.
19. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a manifold housing including a cylindrical outer surface with a plurality of extrusion orifices therein.
20. The manifold of claim 19 wherein the orifices are equally spaced around the outer surface.
21. The manifold of claim 19 further including a means for separating a continuous extrusion body emanating from the orifices into predetermined product lengths.
22. The manifold of claim 21 wherein the means for separating including a blade having a rotating path about the cylindrical outer surface to cut the continuous extrusion at each orifice as it passes the orifice.
23. The manifold of claim 21 wherein the means for separating including a plurality of blades mounted proximate the manifold housing, the blades having a rotating path about the cylindrical outer surface to cut the continuous extrusion at each orifice as each blade passes the orifice.
24. The manifold of claim 22, including:
an inlet pipe on the manifold housing the inlet pipe having a longitudinal axis; and,
the blade being mounted to the inlet pipe and rotatable about the inlet pipe longitudinal axis.
25. The manifold of claim 21 wherein the means for separating including a plurality of blades mounted proximate the manifold housing, the blades having a rotating path about the cylindrical outer surface to cut the continuous extrusion at each orifice as each blade passes the orifice.
26. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a manifold housing including a cylindrical outer surface with a plurality of extrusion orifices therein, the outer surface having a longitudinal axis;
an inlet pipe interconnecting the housing to an extruder output, the inlet pipe having a longitudinal axis coaxial with the outer surface axis;
a hub mounted to the inlet pipe and rotatable about the inlet pipe longitudinal axis; and, at least one blade mounted to the hub and rotatable therewith, the at least one blade being positioned to cut substances emanating from the extrusion orifices.
27. A multiple-orifice extrusion manifold comprising:
a cylindrical housing having a longitudinal axis;
a plurality of extrusion orifices in the housing for extruding a continuous body, the extrusion orifices being disposed at right angles to the axis of the housing;
an inlet pipe on the housing having a longitudinal axis coaxial with the housing axis; and,
a first blade mounted for rotation about the inlet pipe and adapted to cut the continuous body as the blade passes over each orifice.
28. The multiple-orifice extrusion manifold of claim 27 including a plurality of second blades radially spaced from the first blade and from each other about the longitudinal axis of the inlet pipe, the second blades being adapted to cut the continuous body as the blade passes over each orifice.
29. A method of extruding multiple continuous bodies of radially-layered product, comprising:
providing a first extruder for flowing a first extrudable substance;
providing a second extruder for flowing a second extrudable substance;
providing a plurality of extrusion orifices and a plurality of means for combining the first and second substances so that the first substance surrounds the second substance and for extruding the combined first and second substance through the extrusion orifices;
providing a plurality of equal first flow paths for the first substance from the first extruder to each of the extrusion orifices;
providing a plurality of equal second flow paths for the second substance from the second extruder to each of the extrusion orifices;
continuously flowing the first and second substances along the first and second flow paths; and,
extruding the combined first and second substances from the extrusion orifices.