1. A 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014CO2Ra2, \u2014CORb1, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, or a phenyl group),
A represents \u2014(CH2)n-, \u2014CONH(CH2)n-, \u2014NHCO(CH2)n-, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, or \u2014(CH2)n-CH\u2550CH\u2014 (where n denotes an integer of 0 to 3),
Ar1 represents an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a heterocycloalkylene group,
Ar2 represents an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and
R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are the same or different, and each represent (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014(CH2)-m-Q {where m denotes an integer of 0 to 4, and Q represents \u2014CHO, \u2014NH2, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014CO2H, \u2014SO3H, \u2014ORc1, \u2014CO2Ra3, \u2014CONH2, CONHRa4, \u2014CONRa5Ra1, CORd1, \u2014OCORd2, \u2014SRe1, \u2014SORe2, \u2014SO2Re3, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)H, \u2014NHCORd3, \u2014NHCO2Rd, \u2014NHCONH2, \u2014NHSO2Re4, \u2014NHRa6, or \u2014NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6 and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1, Rd2, Rd3 and Rd4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2, Re3 and Re4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group)},
(vi) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra1, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, NRa12Ra12, or \u2014NHCO2Rd5 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), and Rd5 represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group)},
(vii) \u2014ORf {where Rf represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa14 (where Ra14 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa6 (where Ra16 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(viii) \u2014NHRg {where Rg represents a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa17 (where Ra17 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(ix) a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa18 (where Ra18 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(x) an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xi) a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa20 (where Ra20 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xii) a heteroaryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa21 (where Ra21 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xiii) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xiv) a C2-6 alkenyl group, or
(xv) a C2-6 alkynyl group.
2. A 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula IA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014CO2Ra2, \u2014CORb1, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, or a phenyl group),
A represents \u2014(CH2)n-, \u2014CONH(CH2)n-, \u2014NHCO(CH2)n-, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, or \u2014(CH2)n-CH\u2550CH\u2014 (where n denotes an integer of 0 to 3),
Ar1 represents an arylene group, a heteroarylene group, or a heterocycloalkylene group,
Ar2 represents an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, or a heterocycloalkyl group, and
R5\u2032, R6\u2032, R7\u2032, R8\u2032, R9\u2032 and R10\u2032 are the same or different, and each represent (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014(CH2)m-Q {where m denotes an integer of 0 to 4, and Q represents \u2014CHO, \u2014NH2, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014CO2H, \u2014SO3H, \u2014ORc1, \u2014CO2Ra3, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa4, \u2014CONRa5Ra5, \u2014CORd1, \u2014OCORd2, \u2014SRe1, \u2014SORe2, \u2014SO2Re3, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)H, \u2014NHCORd3, \u2014NHCO2Rd4, \u2014NHCONH2, \u2014NHSO2Re4, \u2014NHRa6, or NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6, and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1, Rd2, Rd3 and Rd4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2, Re3 and Re4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group)},
(vi) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa12Ra12 or \u2014NHCO2Rd5 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), and Rd5 represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group)},
(vii) \u2014ORf {where Rf represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and ORa14 (where Ra represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(viii) \u2014NHRg {where Rg represents a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and ORa17 (where Ra17 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(ix) a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa18 (where Ra18 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(x) an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xi) a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa20 (where Ra20 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xii) a heteroaryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa21 (where Ra21 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), or
(xiii) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group).
3. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1 or 2, wherein Ar1 is an arylene group.
4. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1 or 2, wherein Ar1 is a phenylene group or a naphthylene group.
5. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1, wherein A is \u2014(CH2)n-, \u2014CONH(CH2)n-, \u2014O\u2014, or \u2014(CH2)nCH\u2550CH\u2014 (where n denotes an integer of 0 to 3).
6. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1, wherein A is \u2014CH2\u2014.
7. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1, wherein Ar2 is a phenyl group, a thienyl group, a benzobthiophenyl group, a thieno2,3-bthiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an indolyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or an isoxazolyl group.
8. A 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014CO2Ra2, \u2014CORb1, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, or a phenyl group),
at least one of RA, RB, RC and RD represents a hydrogen atom, and the other of RA, RB, RC and RD are the same or different, and each represent (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014(CH2)m-QA {where m denotes an integer of 0 to 4, and QA represents \u2014NH2, \u2014CO2H, ORc1, \u2014CO2Ra3, \u2014CONH2, CONHRa4, \u2014CONRa5Ra5, \u2014CORd1, OCORd2, \u2014SRe1, SORe2, SO2R3, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)H, \u2014NHCORd3, \u2014NHCO2Rd4, \u2014NHCONH2, \u2014NHSO2Re4, \u2014NHRa6, or \u2014NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6, and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1, Rd2, Rd3 and Rd4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2, Re3 and Re4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group)},
(vi) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, \u2014NRa12Ra12, or \u2014NHCO2Rd5 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), and Rd5 represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group)},
(vii) \u2014ORf {where Rf represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa14 (where Ra14 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(viii) \u2014NHRg {where Rg represents a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa17 (where Ra17 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(ix) an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), or
(x) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), and
RE, RF and RG are the same or different, and
each represent (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014(CH2)m-Q {where m denotes an integer of 0 to 4, and Q represents \u2014CHO, \u2014NH2, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014CO2H, \u2014SO3H, \u2014ORc1, \u2014CO2Ra3, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa4, \u2014CONRa5Ra5, \u2014CORd1, \u2014OCORd2, \u2014SRe1, \u2014SORe2, \u2014SO2Re3, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)H, \u2014NHCORd3, \u2014NHCO2Rd4, \u2014NHCONH2, \u2014NHSO2Re4, NHRa6 or \u2014NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6, and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1, Rd2, Rd3 and Rd4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2, Re3 and Re4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group)},
(vi) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, \u2014NRa12R12, or \u2014NHCO2Rd5 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), and Rd5 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group)},
(vii) \u2014ORf {where Rf represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa14 (where Ra14 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa16 (where Ra16 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(viii) \u2014NHRg {where Rg represents a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa17 (where Ra17 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(ix) a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa18 (where Ra18 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(x) an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xi) a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa20 (where Ra20 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xii) a heteroaryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa21 (where Ra21 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xiii) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xiv) a C2-6 alkenyl group, or
(xv) a C2-6 alkynyl group.
9. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 8, wherein
RA and RC are each a hydrogen atom,
RB represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-8 alkyl group, \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, \u2014NRa12Ra12, or \u2014NHCO2Rd5 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), and Rd5 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group)}, or \u2014ORf1 {where Rf1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
RD represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-8 alkyl group, or \u2014ORf2 {where Rf2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
RE and RF are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-8 alkyl group, or ORc3 (where Rc3 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)), and
RG represents (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014(CH2)m-Q {where m denotes an integer of 0 to 4, and Q represents \u2014CHO, \u2014NH2, \u2014NO2, \u2014CN, \u2014CO2H, \u2014SO3H, \u2014ORc1, \u2014CO2Ra3, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa4, \u2014CONRa5Ra5, \u2014CORd1, \u2014OCORd2, \u2014SRe1, \u2014SORe2, \u2014SO2Re3, \u2014NHC(\u2550O)H, \u2014NHCORd3, \u2014NHCO2Rd4, \u2014NHCONH2, \u2014NHSO2Re4, \u2014NHRa6, or NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6, and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1, Rd2, Rd3 and Rd4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2, Re3 and Re4 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group)},
(vi) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, \u2014NRa12Ra12, or \u2014NHCO2Rd5 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), and Rd5 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group)},
(vii) \u2014ORf {where Rf represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa14 (where Ra14 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa16 (where Ra represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(viii) \u2014NHRg {where Rg represents a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa17 (where Ra17 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(ix) a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa18 (where Ra18 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(x) an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xi) a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa20 (where Ra20 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xii) a heteroaryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa21 (where Ra21 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), or
(xiii) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group).
10. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 9, wherein
RB represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014ORf1 (where Rf1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)), or a halogen atom, and
RD represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, or \u2014ORf1 {where Rf1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)}.
11. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 9 or 10, wherein
RG represents (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014CO2H, (vi) \u2014ORc1, (vii) \u2014CO2Ra3, (viii) \u2014CONH2, (ix) \u2014CONHRa4, (x) \u2014CONRa5Ra5, (xi) \u2014CORd1, (xii) \u2014OCORd2, (xiii) \u2014SRe1, (xiv) \u2014SORe2, (xv) \u2014SO2Re3, (xvi) \u2014NHRa6,
(xvii) \u2014NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3Ra4, Ra5Ra6 and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1 and Rd2 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2 and Re3 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group),
(xviii) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, or \u2014NRa12Ra12 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s))},
(xix) \u2014ORf {where Rf represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa14 (where Ra14 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa16 (where Ra16 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
(xx) an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xxi) a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa20 (where Ra20 represents a C1-6 alkyl group),
(xxii) a heteroaryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa21 (where Ra21 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), or
(xxiii) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group).
12. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 11, wherein
RG represents (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group,
(v) \u2014CO2H, (vi) \u2014ORc1, (vii) \u2014CO2Ra3, (viii) \u2014CONH2, (ix) \u2014CONHRa4, (x) \u2014CONRa5Ra5, (xi) \u2014CORd1, (xii) \u2014OCORd2, (xiii) \u2014SRe1, (xiv) \u2014SORe2, (xv) \u2014SO2Re3, (xvi) \u2014NHRa6,
(xvii) \u2014NRa7Ra7 (where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6, and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1 and Rd2 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2 and Re3 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group),
(xviii) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, or \u2014NRa12Ra12 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rc2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s))},
(xix) \u2014ORf2 {where Rf2 represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa16 (where Ra16 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)}, or
(xx) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014OR22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group).
13. A 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014CO2Ra2, \u2014CORb1, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, or a phenyl group),
RH and RI are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-8 alkyl group, or \u2014ORf1 {where Rf1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa15 (where Ra15 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)},
Ar3 represents a thienyl group, a benzobthiophenyl group, a thieno2,3-bthiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, an indolyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, or an isoxazolyl group,
R8a and R9a are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-8 alkyl group, or \u2014ORc3 (where Rc3 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)), and
R10a represents a hydrogen atom, or an aryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa19 (where Ra19 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), or a heteroaryl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa21 (where Ra21 represents a C1-6 alkyl group).
14. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1 or 2, wherein Ar1 is a heteroarylene group.
15. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 14, wherein A is \u2014(CH2)n- (where n denotes an integer of 0 to 3).
16. A 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula IV, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014CO2Ra2, \u2014CORb1, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, or a phenyl group),
Ar4 represents a thienylene group, a benzobthiophenylene group, or a pyridylene group,
R20a and R21a are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-8 alkyl group, or \u2014ORc3 (where Rc3 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)),
RJ and RK are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-8 alkyl group, or \u2014ORc3 (where Rc3 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)), and
RL represents (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a halogen atom, (iii) a hydroxyl group, (iv) a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group, (v) \u2014CO2H, (vi) \u2014ORc1, (vii) \u2014CO2Ra3, (viii) \u2014CONH2, (ix) \u2014CONHRa4, (x) \u2014CONRa5Ra5, (xi) \u2014CORd1, (xii) \u2014OCORd2, (xiii) \u2014SRe1, (xiv) \u2014SORe2, (xv) \u2014SO2Re3, (xvi) \u2014NHRa6,
(xvii) \u2014NRa7Ra7
(where Ra3, Ra4, Ra5, Ra6, and Ra7 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, Rc1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), Rd1 and Rd2 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, a phenyl group, or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and Re1, Re2 and Re3 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, a phenyl group, or a tolyl group),
(xviii) \u2014O\u2014(CH2)m\u2032-Q\u2032 {where m\u2032 denotes an integer of 1 to 4, and Q\u2032 represents a hydroxyl group, \u2014CO2H, \u2014ORc2, \u2014CO2Ra8, \u2014CONH2, \u2014CONHRa9, \u2014CONRa10Ra10, \u2014NH2, \u2014NHRa11, or \u2014NRa12Ra12 (where Ra8, Ra9, Ra10, Ra11, and Ra12 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, and R2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s))},
(xix) \u2014ORf2 {where Rf2 represents a C3-7 cycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa13 (where Ra13 represents a C1-6 alkyl group); or a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and ORa16 (where Ra16 represents a C1-6 alkyl group)}; or
(xx) a heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, and \u2014ORa22 (where Ra22 represents a C1-6 alkyl group.
17. The 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 16, wherein RL represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-8 alkyl group, or \u2014ORc3 (where Rc3 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)).
18. A pharmaceutical comprising the 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1.
19. The drug according to claim 18, which is an inhibitor of activity of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2.
20. The drug according to claim 19, which is a drug for prophylaxis or treatment of diabetes, diabetes-related disease, or diabetic complication.
21. A pharmaceutical comprising the 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1, in combination with at least one pharmaceutical selected from the group consisting of an insulin sensitizing agent, which is selected from the group consisting of a PPAR-\u03b3 agonist, a PPAR-\u03b1\u03b3 agonist, a PPAR-\u03b4 agonist and a PPAR-\u03b1\u03b3\u03b4 agonist; a glycosidase inhibitor; a biguanide; an insulin secretion accelerator; an insulin preparation; and a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor.
22. A pharmaceutical comprising the 1-thio-D-glucitol compound, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the hydrate of the compound or the salt according to claim 1, in combination with at least one pharmaceutical selected from the group consisting of a hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, a fibrate compound, a squalene synthase inhibitor, an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, a low density lipoprotein receptor accelerator, a microsome triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor, and an anorectic.
23. A method for producing a 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
comprising the steps of:
adding to a thiolactone of the following formula VIII more than 1 equivalent of a Grignard reagent of the following formula IX to obtain a compound V;
reducing the compound V; and
if desired, deprotecting the resulting compound, in accordance with the following scheme:
where R11, R12, R13 and R14 are the same or different, and each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014SiRa13, \u2014CH2CH\u2550CH2, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), X represents a halogen atom, and Ar1, Ar2, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 are as defined in claim 1.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein before the step of adding the Grignard reagent of the formula IX to the thiolactone of the formula VIII to obtain a compound V, about 0.8 to 1.2 equivalents of R30MgX (R30 represents a C1-8 alkyl group or a C3-7 cycloalkyl group, and X represents a halogen atom) is added to the thiolactone of the formula VIII.
25. A method for producing a 1-thio-D-glucitol compound of the following formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
comprising the steps of:
(1) adding to a compound of the following formula X a reagent of the following formula XI to obtain a compound XII; and
(2) further reducing the compound XII, if Y is a hydroxyl group, to obtain a compound, in which Y is hydrogen, in a \u03b2 type-stereoselective manner; and
if desired, further deprotecting the compound obtained in (1) or (2), in accordance with the following scheme:
where Y represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group (provided that if Y is a hydrogen atom, the 1-position is of S-configuration),
R11, R12, R13 and R14 are the same or different, and each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014SiRa13, \u2014CH2CH\u2550CH2, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), Ar2, R8, R9 and R10 have the same meanings as in claim 1, and RA, RB, RC and RD have the same meanings as in claim 8,
Aa represents \u2014CH(W)(CH2)n\u2032-, \u2014CONH(CH2)n-, or \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 (where W represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group, n denotes an integer of 0 to 3, and n\u2032 denotes an integer of 0 to 2),
Ea represents \u2014CHO, \u2014CO2H, or \u2014CH2X, and
Da represents \u2014(CH2)n\u2032Li, \u2014(CH2)n\u2032MgX, \u2014CH2PPh3+X\u2212, \u2014CH2PO(ORa3), \u2014(CH2)nNH2, or \u2014SnBu4 (where X represents a halogen atom, Ra23 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, n denotes an integer of 0 to 3, and n\u2032 denotes an integer of 0 to 2),
provided that if Ea is \u2014CHO, the compound X reacts with the reagent XI in which Da is \u2014(CH2)n\u2032Li, \u2014(CH2)n\u2032MgX, \u2014CH2PPh3+X\u2212, or \u2014CH2PO(ORa23) to obtain the compound XII in which Aa is \u2014CH(W)(CH2)n\u2032-, or \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014,
if Ea is \u2014CO2H, the compound X is condensed with the reagent XI in which Da is \u2014(CH2)nNH2 to obtain the compound XII in which Aa is \u2014CONH(CH2)n-, or
if Ea is \u2014CH2X, the compound X is condensed with the reagent XI in which Da is \u2014SnBu4 to obtain the compound XII in which Aa is \u2014CH2.
26. A compound of the following formula XIII, or a salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where Y represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group (provided that if Y is a hydrogen atom, the 1-position is of S-configuration), and
R21, R22, R23 and R24 are the same or different, and each represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group, \u2014SiRa13, \u2014CH2CH\u2550CH2, \u2014CO2Ra2, \u2014CORb1, or a C7-12 aralkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, \u2014NO2 and \u2014OMe (where Ra1 and Ra2 each represent a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, a C7-10 aralkyl group, or a phenyl group), provided that if Y is a hydrogen atom, R21, R22, R23 and R24 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time; and the other symbols are as defined in claim 1.
27. A compound of the following formula XIV, or a salt thereof, or a hydrate of the compound or the salt:
where Y represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl group (provided that if Y is a hydrogen atom, the 1-position is of S-configuration),
E represents \u2014CHO, \u2014CO2H, \u2014CO2Ra24 (where Ra24 represents a C1-6 alkyl group), \u2014CH2Ma (where Ma represents a hydroxyl group or a halogen atom), a 1,3-dioxolan-2-yl group, or a 1,3-dioxan-2-yl group,
R21, R22, R23 and R14 have the same meanings as in claim 26, and
RA, RB, RC and RD have the same meanings as in claim 8.
28. A compound of the following formula, or a salt thereof:
where G1 represents a halogen atom,
G3 represents a hydroxyl group; a C1-8 alkyl group optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom and a hydroxyl group; \u2014SRa25; \u2014SORa25; \u2014SO2Ra25 or \u2014ORh1 (where Ra25 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, and Rb1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s) or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s)),
G4 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s), or a halogen atom, and
Rh2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s) or a C7-10 aralkyl group optionally substituted by a halogen atom(s).
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for avoiding falsely doomed parent transactions of nested children in a transactional memory system comprising the steps of:
when rolling back nested transactions, tracking a release count each time that a write lock is released; and
during validation of a parent transaction, using the release count to determine whether an optimistic read that failed validation is actually valid.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the failed validation is actually valid if a difference in version numbers exactly matches the release count.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the release count is tracked in a write abort compensation map.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the write abort compensation map is created for each of the nested transactions.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the write abort compensation map is created for a respective one of the nested transactions when the respective one first rolls back and releases a write lock.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the write abort compensation map for each of the nested transactions are aggregated into an aggregate write abort compensation map.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the aggregate write abort compensation map is used while processing a transaction log of the parent transaction to determine if the optimistic read that failed is really valid.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the transaction log of the parent is processed in a reverse order.
9. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for causing a computer to perform the steps recited in claim 1.
10. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for causing a computer to perform steps comprising:
creating a write abort compensation map for a nested transaction;
recording in the write abort compensation map a number of times the nested transaction releases a write lock; and
using the write abort compensation map during a validation of a parent transaction to determine if a failed optimistic read is really valid.
11. The computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the write abort compensation map is created when the nested transaction rolls back and releases a write lock for a first time.
12. The computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the failed optimistic read is really valid if a difference in version numbers exactly matches the number of times the nested transaction released the write lock.
13. The computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the write abort compensation map is held in transaction log of the parent transaction.
14. The computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the write abort compensation map is ordered after all optimistic reads made by the parent transaction at a start of the nested transaction.
15. The computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the write abort compensation map is aggregated with other write abort compensation maps encountered for other nested children to form an aggregated write abort compensation map during parent transaction rollback.
16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the aggregated write abort compensation map is placed in a transaction log of the parent transaction.
17. The computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the aggregated write abort compensation map is placed in the transaction log of the parent transaction when processing the transaction log of the parent in a reverse order.
18. A method for using write abort compensation maps during transaction validation to avoid falsely dooming parents of nested transactions comprising the steps of:
while processing a parent log, aggregating any write abort compensation maps seen in nested child transactions into an aggregated write abort compensation map;
if an optimistic read failed to validate due to a version number mismatch, then consulting the aggregated write abort compensation map to retrieve a write lock release count for the nested child transactions; and
if a difference in version numbers exactly matches the write lock release count for the nested child transactions, then the optimistic read is valid.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein if the difference in version numbers does not exactly match the write release count for the nested child transactions, then the optimistic read is invalid.
20. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for causing a computer to perform the steps recited in claim 18.