1. A process for preparing a (meth)acrylic ester (F) comprising subjecting at least one alcohol (C) having at least one C\u2014C triple bond either to esterification with (meth)acrylic acids or to transesterification with at least one (meth)acrylic ester (D), in the presence of at least one enzyme (E).
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl groups of the alcohol (C) are primary.
3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol (C) is of the formula (1)
wherein
R1 is hydrogen, or a radical selected from a C1-C18 alkyl, a C2-C18 alkyl uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen andor sulfur atoms andor by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, a C6-C12 aryl, a C5-C12 cycloalkyl, or a five- to six-membered heterocycle comprising oxygen, nitrogen andor sulfur atoms, wherein the radical is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms andor heterocycles, and
R2 is a radical selected from a C1-C20 alkylene, a C5-C12 cycloalkylene or a C6-C12 arylene or a C2-C20 alkylene interrupted by one or more oxygen andor sulfur atoms andor by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups andor by one or more cycloalkyl, \u2014(CO)\u2014, \u2014O(CO)O\u2014, \u2014(NH)(CO)O\u2014, \u2014O(CO)(NH)\u2014, \u2014O(CO)\u2014 or \u2014(CO)O groups, wherein the radical is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms andor heterocycles,
n is an integer 0 to 3, and
Xi for each i=0 to n can be selected, independently of one another, from the group \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014C(CH3)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(CH3)2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHVin-O\u2014, \u2014CHVin-CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHPh-O\u2014 and \u2014CHPh-CH2\u2014O\u2014, wherein Ph is phenyl and Vin is vinyl.
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol (C) is of the formula (2)
wherein
R1 is hydrogen, or a radical selected from a C1-C8 alkyl a C2-C18 alkyl uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen andor sulfur atoms andor by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, a C6-C12 aryl a C5-C12 cycloalkyl, or a five- to six-membered heterocycle comprising oxygen, nitrogen andor sulfur atoms, wherein the radical is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms andor heterocycles, and
n is an integer 0 to 3,
Xi for each i=0 to n can be selected, independently of one another, from the group \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014C(CH3)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(CH3)2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHVin\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CHVin-CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHPh-O\u2014 and \u2014CHPh-CH2\u2014O\u2014, wherein Ph is phenyl and Vin is vinyl and
R3 to R6 independently of one another are hydrogen, or a radical selected from a C1-C18 alkyl, a C2-C18 alkyl uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen andor sulfur atoms andor by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, or a C6-C12 aryl, a C5-C12 cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered heterocycle comprising oxygen, nitrogen andor sulfur atoms, wherein the radical is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms andor heterocycles.
5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol (C) is of the formula (3)
wherein
R1 is hydrogen, or a radical selected from a C1-C_alky, a C2-C18 alkyl uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen andor sulfur atoms andor by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, a C6-C12 aryl, a C5-C12 cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered heterocycle comprising oxygen, nitrogen andor sulfur atoms, wherein the radical is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms andor heterocycles, and
n is an integer 0 to 3,
Xi for each i=0 to n can be selected, independently of one another, from the group \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014C2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014C(CH3)2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014C(CH3)2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHVin-CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CHPh-O\u2014 and \u2014CHPh-CH2\u2014O\u2014, wherein Ph is phenyl and Vin is vinyl, and
R7 and R8 independently of one another are hydrogen, or a radical selected from a C1-C18 alkyl, a C2-C18 alkyl uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen andor sulfur atoms andor by one or more substituted or unsubstituted imino groups, or a C6-C12 aryl, a C5-C12 cycloalkyl or a five- to six-membered heterocycle comprising oxygen, nitrogen andor sulfur atoms, wherein the radical is optionally substituted by aryl, alkyl, aryloxy, alkyloxy, heteroatoms andor heterocycles, wherein R7 and R8 may also together form a ring.
6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol (C) is selected from the group consisting of 3-methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol, 2-propyn-1-ol (propargyl alcohol), 3-butyn-2-ol, 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, 4-pentyn-1-ol, 1-ethynylcyclohexanol, 3-butyn-1-ol, 2-butyn-1-ol and 1-octyn-3-ol, and their mono- or di-ethoxylated products.
7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the enzyme (E) is selected from esterases (E.C. 3.1.-.-), lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3), glycosylases (E.C. 3.2.-.-) and proteases (E.C. 3.4.-.-).
8. A (meth)acrylic ester (F) a prepared by the process according to claim 1 and having a DIN ISO 6271 color number below 100 APHA.
9. A monomer or comonomer in a poly(meth)acrylate comprising the (meth)acrylic ester (F) prepared by the process according to claim 1.
10. A thermally curable, radiation-curable or dual-cure coating material comprising the (meth)acrylic ester (F) prepared by the process according to claim 1.
11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydroxyl groups of the alcohol (C) are secondary.
12. The process according to claim 3, wherein
n is an integer 1 to 2, and
Xi for each i=0 to n can be selected, independently of one another, from the group \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014 and \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014.
13. The process according to claim 4, wherein
n is an integer 1 to 2, and
Xi for each i=0 to n can be selected, independently of one another, from the group \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014 and \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014.
14. The process according to claim 5, wherein
n is an integer 1 to 2, and
Xi for each i=0 to n can be selected, independently of one another, from the group \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH(CH3)\u2014O\u2014 and \u2014CH(CH3)\u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014.
15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one enzyme (E) is selected from esterases (E.C. 3.1.-.-).
16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one enzyme (E) is selected from lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3).
17. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one enzyme (E) is selected from glycosylases (E.C. 3.2.-.-).
18. The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one enzyme (E) is selected from proteases (E.C. 3.4.-.-).
19. A thermally curable, radiation-curable andor dual-cure poly(meth)acrylate comprising the (meth)acrylic ester (F) prepared by the process according to claim 1.
20. A bright electroplating additive intermediate comprising the (meth)acrylic ester (F) prepared by the process according to claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for controlling the downward motion of a tailgate attached to a truck bed, comprising:
an oil-filled damper comprising a piston within a housing having two ends attached to a rod at one end, the rod having a distal end, the damper exerting a damping force during opening of the tailgate;
a truck bed attachment at the distal end of said rod; and
a tailgate attachment near the second end of said damper;
wherein said truck bed attachment is securable to a truck bed attachment point located on said truck bed, and said tailgate attachment is securable to a tailgate attachment point located on said tailgate, and
wherein an adjustable retention clip is attached to the housing to properly align an existing cable of said tailgate.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a damper that exerts a damping force during opening of the tailgate and exerts a minimal force during closing of the tailgate.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a corrosion and scratch-resistant coating.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said truck bed attachment point is a quick-disconnect fitting.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the truck bed.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said tailgate attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the tailgate.
7. An apparatus for controlling the downward motion of a tailgate attached to a truck bed, comprising:
an oil-filled damper comprising a piston within a housing having two ends attached to a rod at one end, the rod having a distal end, the damper exerting a damping force during opening of the tailgate;
a truck bed attachment at the distal end of said rod; and
a tailgate attachment near the second end of said damper;
wherein said truck bed attachment is securable to a truck bed attachment point located on said truck bed, and said tailgate attachment is securable to a tailgate attachment point located on said tailgate, and
wherein a foam spacer is placed around an existing cable of said tailgate so as to properly align said cable.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a damper that exerts a damping force during opening of the tailgate and exerts a minimal force during closing of the tailgate.
9. The apparatus of claim 7, further comprising a corrosion and scratch-resistant coating.
10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a quick-disconnect fitting.
11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the truck bed.
12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said tailgate attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the tailgate.
13. An apparatus for controlling the downward motion of a tailgate attached to a truck bed, comprising:
an oil-filled damper comprising a piston within a housing having two ends attached to a rod at one end, the rod having a distal end, the damper exerting a damping force during opening of the tailgate;
a truck bed attachment at the distal end of said rod; and
a tailgate attachment near the second end of said damper;
wherein said truck bed attachment is securable to a truck bed attachment point located on said truck bed, and said tailgate attachment is securable to a tailgate attachment point located on said tailgate, and
wherein said truck bed attachment point is a blade fitting.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a damper that exerts a damping force during opening of the tailgate and exerts a minimal force during closing of the tailgate.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a corrosion and scratch-resistant coating.
16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a quick-disconnect fitting.
17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the truck bed.
18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said tailgate attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the tailgate.
19. An apparatus for controlling the downward motion of a tailgate attached to a truck bed, comprising:
an oil-filled damper comprising a piston within a housing having two ends attached to a rod at one end, the rod having a distal end, the damper exerting a damping force during opening of the tailgate;
a truck bed attachment at the distal end of said rod; and
a tailgate attachment near the second end of said damper;
wherein said truck bed attachment is securable to a truck bed attachment point located on said truck bed, and said tailgate attachment is securable to a tailgate attachment point located on said tailgate, and
wherein said tailgate attachment point is secured to said tailgate through the use of a bracket assembly.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said bracket assembly consists of a bracket, a tailgate attachment bolt securing said bracket to said tailgate, and a bracket stud secured to said bracket providing an attachment point for said tailgate attachment point.
21. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said tailgate attachment point is secured to said bracket assembly through the use of a cotter pin.
22. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a damper that exerts a damping force during opening of the tailgate and exerts a minimal force during closing of the tailgate.
23. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a corrosion and scratch-resistant coating.
24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a quick-disconnect fitting.
25. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the truck bed.
26. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said tailgate attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the tailgate.
27. An apparatus for controlling the downward motion of a tailgate attached to a truck bed, comprising:
an oil-filled damper comprising a piston within a housing having two ends attached to a rod at one end, the rod having a distal end, the damper exerting a damping force during opening of the tailgate;
a truck bed attachment at the distal end of said rod; and
a tailgate attachment near the second end of said damper;
wherein said truck bed attachment is securable to a truck bed attachment point located on said truck bed, and said tailgate attachment is securable to a tailgate attachment point located on said tailgate, and
wherein said damper comprises:
a piston having a bypass groove, said bypass groove having a flow area allowing fluid flow from one side of the piston to the other;
a top washer placed on top of said piston, said top washer arranged so as to partially cover the flow area of the bypass groove;
a bottom washer placed underneath said piston;
a sealing ring placed around said piston to prevent the flow of hydraulic oil around the piston; and
a bolt placed axially through said washers and said piston.
28. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising a washer that deflects under excessive hydraulic pressure, thus increasing said flow area.
29. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising a damper that exerts a damping force during opening of the tailgate and exerts a minimal force during closing of the tailgate.
30. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising a corrosion and scratch-resistant coating.
31. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a quick-disconnect fitting.
32. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said truck bed attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the truck bed.
33. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said tailgate attachment point is a pre-existing hole in the tailgate.