1. A method of quantitatively analyzing gases, in particular a monitoring system for on-load tap changers, having the following method steps:
selecting characteristic gases produced during the operation of the tap changer and that indirectly allow subsequent association and quantification of ageing effects, excessive discharge, andor heating of the tap changer,
measuring the concentration of the characteristic gases in the oil at particular time intervals,
forming indicative quotients from the measured concentrations of the characteristic gases that allow direct conclusions to be drawn about ageing effects, excessive discharge, andor heating,
displaying a trend by comparison of the currently derived value of each quotient with one or more of the most recently derived values of the same quotient,
deriving a warning for ageing effects, excessive discharge, and or heating if the corresponding quotients change significantly.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that arc gases, thermal gases and oil ageing gases are used as characteristic gases.
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that H2 andor C2H2 are used as characteristic arc gases.
4. The method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that at least one of the gases CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H8 and C3H6 is used as a characteristic thermal gas.
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that CO andor CO2 are used as characteristic oil ageing gases.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that CH4C2H4 is used as an indicative quotient for ageing effects.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that C2H2C2H6 is used as an indicative quotient for the occurrence of discharges.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that (C2H41\u2014C3H6)(C2H61\u2014C3H8) is used as an indicative quotient for the occurrence of heating.
9. The method as claimed in one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the indicative quotients are displayed with respect to time.
10. The method as claimed in one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the indicative quotients are displayed with reference to the number of switching operations carried out by the tap changer.
11. The method as claimed in one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the indicative quotients are displayed in a relative percentage display in a triangular coordinate system.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for anticorrosion pretreatment of metal surfaces in a processing sequence comprising a conversion treatment stage (D) with an aqueous composition (1) containing in total at least 50 ppm of one or more of elements B, Si, Ti, Zr and Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds at a pH value of 3 to 5.5, wherein the metallic surfaces pass in succession through at least treatment stages of:
(A) optionally degreasing and cleaning;
(B) optionally rinsing with process water optionally containing part of the aqueous composition of the degreasing and cleaning stage (A);
(C) prerinsing with water containing in total at least 10 ppm of elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds;
(D) conversion treatment with the aqueous composition (1);
(E) postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition (1) of treatment stage (D);
(F) optionally second postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition of postrinsing stage (E),
wherein the aqueous composition (1) of the conversion treatment stage (D) contains a proportion of fluorine bound in the form of fluoro complexes of the one or more elements B, Si, Ti, Zr and Hf or fluorine in excess and unbound in the form of free fluoride, and wherein pH value in the prerinsing stage (C) is in a range from 5 to 7.0, and
wherein a cascaded recirculation of aqueous medium from the final rinsing stage to the first rinsing stage proceeds such that in total at least 10 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds are present in the prerinsing stage (C).
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in total at least 20 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf are present in the prerinsing stage (C) in the form of water-soluble compounds.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the proportion of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds in the prerinsing stage (C) amounts to no more than 20%, relative to the proportion of the respective element in the conversion treatment stage (D).
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pH value in the prerinsing stage (C) is in a range from 5.8 to 6.2.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pH value in the postrinsing stage (E) is in a range from 4.0 to 5.5.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metallic surfaces pass in succession through the following treatment stages:
(A) optionally degreasing and cleaning
(B) optionally rinsing with process water optionally containing part of the aqueous composition of the degreasing and cleaning stage (A)
(C) prerinsing with water containing in total at least 10 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds and optionally part of the aqueous composition of rinsing stage (B)
(D) conversion treatment with the aqueous composition (1) containing part of the aqueous composition of prerinsing stage (C)
(E) first postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition of treatment stage (D)
(F) optionally second postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition of postrinsing stage (E),
wherein the final rinsing stage is supplied with deionized water.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cascaded recirculation of aqueous medium from the final rinsing stage to the first rinsing stage proceeds such that at least part of the medium which contains the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds and is to be recirculated from the postrinsing stage (E) into the prerinsing stage (C) is not directly returned and this part of the medium to be recirculated
a) is adjusted to a pH value of greater than 5.0,
b) any precipitate which is being formed is separated from the rinsing water, and
c) optionally the rinsing water, from which precipitate has been removed in step b), is subjected to either an ion exchange method or to reverse osmosis,
and the rinsing water treated in this manner is likewise returned as part of the medium to be recirculated into the prerinsing stage (C).
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the aqueous composition (1) of treatment stage (D) contains a proportion of fluorine bound in the form of fluoro complexes of the one or more of elements B, Si, Ti, Zr and Hf or in excess and unbound in the form of free fluoride, wherein the part of the medium to be recirculated from the postrinsing stage (E) which is not directly returned to the prerinsing stage (C) is adjusted in step a) with an alkaline solution which contains no calcium ions to a pH value of greater than 5.0, then any precipitate which is being formed is separated from the rinsing water and the rinsing water treated in this manner is returned as part of the medium to be recirculated into the prerinsing stage (C).
9. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the aqueous composition (1) of treatment stage (D) contains a proportion of fluorine bound in the form of fluoro complexes of the one or more of elements B, Si, Ti, Zr and Hf or in excess and unbound in the form of free fluoride, wherein the part of the medium to be recirculated from the postrinsing stage (E) which is not directly returned to the prerinsing stage (C) is combined in step a) with such a quantity of an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2, which contains no more than 0.1 wt. % of undissolved Ca(OH)2, that the pH value of the rinsing water rises to a value in a range from greater than 5.0 to no greater than 7.0.
10. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cascaded recirculation of aqueous medium from the final rinsing stage to the first rinsing stage proceeds continuously and at a constant volumetric flow rate.
11. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the metallic surfaces are at least in part surfaces of iron andor steel.
12. A metallic component which has been anticorrosion pretreated according to the method as claimed in claim 6.
13. A process for applying a multilayer system in industrial manufacture wherein the metallic component of claim 12 comprises a substrate in said process.
14. An article of manufacture comprising the metallic component as claimed in claim 12.
15. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the cascaded recirculation of aqueous medium from the final rinsing stage to the first rinsing stage proceeds such that
in total at least 20 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf are present in the prerinsing stage (C);
the proportion of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds in the prerinsing stage (C) amounts to no more than 20%, relative to the proportion of the respective element in the conversion treatment stage (D);
pH of the postrinsing stage (E) is in a range from 4.0 to 5.5; and
content of components of the aqueous composition (1) of the treatment stage (D) in the first postrinsing stage (E) is at least equally as high as the content of these components in the final prerinsing stage (C).
16. A method for the anticorrosion pretreatment of metal surfaces in a processing sequence comprising a conversion treatment stage (D) with an aqueous composition (1) containing in total at least 50 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr and Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds at a pH value of 3 to 5.5, wherein the metallic surface passes in succession through at least the following treatment stages of:
(A) optionally degreasing and cleaning;
(B) optionally rinsing with process water optionally containing part of the aqueous composition of the degreasing and cleaning stage (A);
(C) prerinsing with water containing in total at least 10 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds;
(D) conversion treatment with the aqueous composition (1);
(E) postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition (1) of treatment stage (D); and
(F) optionally second postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition of postrinsing stage (E),
wherein the aqueous composition (1) of the conversion treatment stage (D) contains a proportion of fluorine bound in the form of fluoro complexes of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf or fluorine in excess and unbound in the form of free fluoride and wherein the pH value in the prerinsing stage (C) is in a range from 5 to 7.0; and
wherein the final rinsing stage is supplied with deionized water and a cascaded recirculation of aqueous medium from the final rinsing stage to the first rinsing state proceeds such that in total at least 10 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds are present in the prerinsing stage (C), the treatment stage (D) being excepted from the cascaded recirculation and aqueous medium not being fed indirectly and directly into the treatment stage (D) from the final rinsing stage.
17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the metallic surface passes in succession through the following treatment stages:
(A) degreasing and cleaning;
(B) rinsing with process water optionally containing part of the aqueous composition of the degreasing and cleaning stage (A);
(C) prerinsing with water containing in total at least 10 ppm of the elements B, Si, Ti, Zr andor Hf in the form of water-soluble compounds and optionally part of the aqueous composition of rinsing stage (B);
(D) conversion treatment with the aqueous composition (1) containing part of the aqueous composition of prerinsing stage (C);
(E) first postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition of treatment stage (D);
(F) second postrinsing with water containing part of the aqueous composition of postrinsing stage (E).