1. A method for manufacturing dielectric support-based probes having multi-conductor transmission line for complex permittivity measurements, including the steps of:
(a) providing a dielectric support member, said dielectric support member being a fiber optic wire;
(b) removing an outer jacket from said fiber optic wire of predetermined length, thereby exposing a cladding layer surrounding a central optical fiber of said fiber optic wire;
(c) anisotropically depositing onto said dielectric support member at predetermined locations thereof a conductive material extending along the length of said dielectric support member; and
(d) removing said conductive material from said dielectric support member between said predetermined locations thereof, thereby forming a plurality of electrically isolated conductive strips extending around said dielectric support member.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
forming a tapered tip portion of said dielectric support member and forming an aperture in said tapered tip portion by removing said conducting material from said tapered tip portion by means of a material removal technique selected from the group consisting of Ion Beam Milling, Focused Ion Beam Milling, and Chemical Etching.
3. The method of claim 2, further including the steps of:
in said step of Ion Beam Milling of said aperture in said tapered tip portion of said dielectric support member,
positioning said dielectric support member in predetermined mutual disposition with an ion beam, wherein the apex of said tapered tip portion faces said ion beam, and
anisotropically milling said tapered tip portion to create an aperture with a diameter on the order of said apex curvature.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
prior to said step (a), anisotropically depositing a 50-100 \u212b thick underlayer of a material selected from the group of materials, consisting of Cr, Ni, W and Ta directly onto said dielectric support member.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said conductive material and said thick underlayer are deposited by a deposition technique selected from a group including: Pulsed Laser Deposition, Evaporation, Dipping, Sputtering, and Electroplating, and a direct write technique employing Lasers and Focused Ion Beams.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said conductive material is removed between said predetermined locations by a material removal technique selected from the group consisting of Ion Beam Milling, Focused Ion Beam Milling, and Chemical Etching.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said conductive material is removed between said predetermined locations by means of Mask-Less Photo-Lithography, said Mask-Less Photo-Lithography comprising the steps of:
applying a photoresist layer onto a surface of said conductive material,
applying light to said central optical fiber, thus causing anisotropical exposure of said photoresist layer to the light through said conductive material deposited; and,
dipping said fiber wire into an etching solution, thereby allowing etching and removal of said deposited conductive material at locations between said predetermined locations.
8. A method for manufacturing dielectric support-based probes having multi-conductor transmission line for complex permittivity measurements, including the steps of:
(a) anisotropically depositing onto a dielectric support member at predetermined locations thereof a conductive material extending along the length of said dielectric support member;
(b) removing said conductive material from said dielectric support member between said predetermined locations thereof, thereby forming a plurality of electrically isolated conductive strips extending around said dielectric support member; and,
(c) forming a tapered tip portion of said dielectric support member and forming an aperture in said tapered tip portion by removing said conductive material from said tapered tip portion by means of a material removal technique selected from the group consisting of Ion Beam Milling, Focused Ion Beam Milling, and Chemical Etching.
9. The method of claim 8, further including the steps of:
in said step of Ion Beam Milling of said aperture in said tapered tip portion of said dielectric support member,
positioning said dielectric support member in predetermined mutual disposition with an ion beam, wherein the apex of said tapered tip portion faces said ion beam; and,
anisotropically milling said tapered tip portion to create an aperture with a diameter on the order of said apex curvature.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of cementing in a subterranean formation, comprising:
combining at least saltwater, a cement, a latex, a first latex stabilizer comprising a surfactant having the formula:
R\u2014(OCH2CH2)mXM
wherein R is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 10 carbons to about 20 carbons, m is an integer in the range of from about 10 to about 40, X is OSO3 or SO3, and M is a compatible cation, and a second latex stabilizer comprising an alcohol ether sulfate having the formula:
R1\u2014(OCH2CH2)nOSO3M
wherein R1 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 4 carbons to about 12 carbons, n is an integer in the range of from about 1 to about 10, and M is a compatible cation to form a saltwater cement composition, wherein the first latex stabilizer and the second latex stabilizer are combined with the saltwater prior to combining the latex with the saltwater;
introducing the saltwater cement composition into the subterranean formation; and
allowing the saltwater cement composition to set in the subterranean formation.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the saltwater comprises a saturated saltwater solution.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the saltwater comprises seawater.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the saltwater cement composition has a density in the range of from about 13 pounds per gallon to about 18 pounds per gallon.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cement comprises a hydraulic cement.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the latex comprises a water-in-oil emulsion comprising styrene-butadiene rubber.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein R is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 11 carbons to about 15 carbons, X is SO3, and m is an integer in the range of from about 15 to about 40.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein R is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 11 carbons to about 15 carbons, X is SO3, m is 15, and M is a sodium cation.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein R is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 10 carbons to about 16 carbons, X is OSO3, and m is an integer in the range of from about 10 to about 20.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein R is an alkyl group having 12 carbons, X is OSO3, m is 12, and M is a sodium cation.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 8 carbons to about 12 carbons, n is 3, and M is a sodium cation.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first latex stabilizer is present in the saltwater cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 gallons to about 0.35 gallons per gallon of the latex, and wherein the second latex stabilizer is present in the saltwater cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01 gallons to about 0.1 gallons per gallon of the latex.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the saltwater cement composition is an unfoamed cement composition comprising a defoaming agent.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the introducing the saltwater cement composition into the subterranean formation comprises introducing the saltwater cement composition into an annulus between the subterranean formation and a pipe string located in the subterranean formation.
15. A method of cementing in a subterranean formation, comprising:
introducing an unfoamed saltwater cement composition into the subterranean formation, wherein the unfoamed saltwater cement composition comprises saltwater, a hydraulic cement, a defoaming agent, a styrene-butadiene latex, a first latex stabilizer comprising an alcohol ether sulfonate having the formula:
R2\u2014(OCH2CH2)oSO3M
wherein R2 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 11 carbons to about 15 carbons, o is an integer in the range of from about 15 to about 40, and M is a compatible cation, and a second latex stabilizer comprising an alcohol ether sulfate having the formula:
R1\u2014(OCH2CH2)nOSO3M
wherein R1 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 4 carbons to about 12 carbons, n is an integer in the range of from about 1 to about 10, and M is a compatible cation; and
allowing the unfoamed saltwater cement composition to set in the subterranean formation.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the saltwater comprises at least about 3% salt by weight of water present in the saltwater.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein R2 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 11 carbons to about 15 carbons, o is 15, and M is a sodium cation.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 8 carbons to about 12 carbons, n is 3, and M is a sodium cation.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the first latex stabilizer is present in the unfoamed saltwater cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 gallons to about 0.35 gallons per gallon of the latex, and wherein the second latex stabilizer is present in the unfoamed saltwater cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01 gallons to about 0.1 gallons per gallon of the latex.
20. A method of cementing in a subterranean formation, comprising:
introducing an unfoamed saltwater cement composition into the subterranean formation, wherein the unfoamed saltwater cement composition comprises saltwater, a hydraulic cement, a defoaming agent, a styrene-butadiene latex, a first latex stabilizer comprising an alcohol ether sulfate having the formula:
R3\u2014(OCH2CH2)pOSO3M
wherein R3 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 10 carbons to about 16 carbons, p is an integer in the range of from about 10 to about 20, and M is a compatible cation, and a second latex stabilizer comprising an alcohol ether sulfate having the formula:
R1\u2014OCH2CH2)nOSO3M
wherein R1 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 4 carbons to about 12 carbons, n is an integer in the range of from about 1 to about 10, and M is a compatible cation; and
allowing the unfoamed saltwater cement composition to set in the subterranean formation.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the saltwater comprises at least about 5% salt by weight of water present in the saltwater.
22. The method of claim 20, wherein R3 is an alkyl group having 12 carbons, p is 12, and M is a sodium cation.
23. The method of claim 20, wherein R1 is an alkyl group having in the range of from about 8 carbons to about 12 carbons, n is 3, and M is a sodium cation.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein the first latex stabilizer is present in the unfoamed saltwater cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.1 gallons to about 0.35 gallons per gallon of the latex, and wherein the second latex stabilizer is present in the unfoamed saltwater cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01 gallons to about 0.1 gallons per gallon of the latex.