1. A radio frequency (RF) power splitter, comprising:
a conductive element configured to transmit alternating current in a standing wave that comprises a low voltage point near a center portion of the conductive element, the conductive element being configured to generate a magnetic field that extends around an axis of the conductive element when the alternating current is received from a RF generator;
an inductor that is physically separate from the conductive element and adjacent to the low voltage point and is configured to receive the magnetic field that is generated by the conductive element, the inductor comprising:
a first end configured to transmit current based, at least in part, on the inductor receiving the magnetic field;
a second end configured to transmit current based, at least in part, on the inductor receiving the magnetic field, the current from the second end being out of phase from the current configured to be transmitted from the first end;
a first current output configured to be coupled to a first antenna within a plasma process chamber and to the first end of the inductor; and
a second current output configured to be coupled to a second antenna within the plasma process chamber and to the second end of the inductor.
2. The RF power splitter of claim 1, wherein the conductive element further comprises:
a first capacitor coupled at a first end of the conductive element, the first capacitor being in series with the conductive element;
a second capacitor coupled at a second end of the conductive element, the second capacitor being in series with the conductive element; and
a third capacitor at a first end of the conductive element, the third capacitor being in parallel with the conductive element.
3. The RF power splitter of claim 2, wherein the first and second capacitors are configured to control resonance of the standing wave and the third capacitor is configured to match an impedance of the RF power splitter and an impedance of the first and second antenna.
4. The RF power splitter of claim 1, wherein the current transmitted by the conductive element comprises a frequency between 40 MHz and 200 MHz.
5. The RF power splitter of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third capacitor each comprise a capacitance between 10 pF and 50 pF.
6. The RF power splitter of claim 1, wherein the conductive element comprises a straight rod and the inductor comprise a pick-up coil inductor.
7. The RF power splitter of claim 1, wherein the conductive element comprises a helical coil and the inductor comprises a helical inductor.
8. The RF power splitter of claim 1, wherein the conductive element comprises a straight rod and the inductor comprises a straight rod inductor.
9. A radio frequency (RF) power splitter, comprising:
a conductive rod comprising:
a first end portion that is coupled to a first capacitor and configured to receive alternating current from a RF generator;
a second end portion that is coupled to a second capacitor, the first and second capacitor being configured to maintain a standing wave of the alternating current;
a third capacitor that is coupled in parallel with the conductive rod and that is configured to match an impedance of the RF power splitter with an impedance of at least one plasma chamber; and
a low voltage node within a center portion of the conductive rod, the low voltage node based, at least in part, on the standing wave;
an inductor that is offset from the low voltage node of the conductive rod and comprises an axis that is substantially perpendicular to the conductive rod, the inductor configured to provide a first current signal to a first end of the inductor that is out of phase with a second current signal that is provided to a second end of the inductor when the alternating current is applied to the conductive rod;
a first current output configured to be coupled to the at least one plasma chamber and the first end of the inductor; and
a second current output configured to be coupled to the at least one plasma chamber and the second end of the inductor.
10. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the inductor comprises a first inductor, and further comprising:
a second inductor that is offset from the low voltage node and oriented in a substantially perpendicular manner to the conductive rod and oriented in a substantially perpendicular manner to the first inductor, the second inductor being configured to provide current to a first end of the second inductor that is out of phase with the current that is provided to a second end of the second inductor when the alternating current is applied to the conductive rod;
a third current output configured to be coupled to the at least one plasma chamber and to the first end of the second inductor; and
a fourth current output configured to be coupled to the at least one plasma chamber and to the second end of the second inductor.
11. The RF power splitter of claim 10, further comprising:
a third inductor that is offset from the low voltage node and oriented in a substantially perpendicular manner to the conductive rod and oriented in a substantially parallel manner to the first inductor, the third inductor being configured to provide current to a first end of the third inductor that is out of phase of current that is provided to a second end of the third inductor when the alternating current is applied to the conductive rod;
a fifth current output configured to be coupled to the at least one plasma chamber and to the first end of the third inductor; and
a sixth current output configured to be coupled to the at least one plasma chamber and to the second end of the third inductor.
12. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the inductor comprises a first inductor and the at least one plasma chamber comprises a first plasma chamber, the RF power splitter further comprising:
a second inductor that is offset from the low voltage node and oriented in a substantially parallel manner to the conductive rod and oriented in a substantially perpendicular manner to the first inductor, the second inductor configured to provide current to a first end of the second inductor that is approximately 180 degrees of out phase of current that is provided to a second end of the second inductor when the frequency of current is applied to the conductive rod;
a third current output configured to be coupled to a second plasma chamber and to the first end of the second inductor; and
a fourth current output configured to be coupled to the second plasma chamber and to the second end of the second inductor.
13. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the conductive rod comprises a length that is based, at least in part, on a frequency of the alternating current that is generated by the RF generator.
14. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the first capacitor and the second capacitor are coupled in series with each other and coupled in parallel to the third capacitor.
15. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the alternating current comprises a frequency between 40 MHz and 200 MHz and the first and second capacitors comprise a capacitance between 10 pF and 50 pF.
16. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the first current signal at the first end of the inductor is approximately 180 degrees out of phase of the second current signal at the second end of the inductor.
17. The RF power splitter of claim 9, wherein the inductor comprises a pick up coil inductor.
18. A radio frequency (RF) power splitter, comprising:
a conductive element configured to maintain a standing wave of an alternating magnetic field and to match an impedance of the RF power splitter to an impedance of a plasma process chamber;
an inductive element configured to generate a first alternating current signal and a second alternating current signal based, at least in part, on being exposed to the alternating magnetic field, the first alternating current signal being out of phase from the second alternating current signal;
a first output that is configured to provide the first alternating current signal to a first antenna in the plasma process chamber; and
a second output that is configured to provide the second alternating current signal to a second antenna in the plasma process chamber.
19. The RF power splitter of claim 18, wherein the conductive element comprises:
a conductive rod comprising a first end portion and a second end portion;
a first capacitor coupled in series with the first end portion of the conductive rod;
a second capacitor coupled in series with the second end portion of the conductive rod, the first capacitor and the second capacitor being configured to maintain the standing wave; and
a third capacitor that is coupled in parallel with the conductive rod and is configured to match the impedance of the RF power splitter to the plasma process chamber.
20. The RF power splitter of claim 18, wherein the standing wave comprises a low voltage node on a center portion of the conductive element and the inductive element is adjacent to and physically separated from the low voltage node.
21. The RF power splitter of claim 18, wherein the inductive element comprises a first inductive element, the RF power splitter further comprising a plurality of inductive elements that are adjacent to the low voltage node and physically separated from the low voltage node, the first inductive element, and each other.
22. The RF power splitter of claim 21, wherein the plurality of inductive elements are each configured to generate two alternating current signals that are out of phase with each other.
23. The RF power splitter of claim 21, further comprising a second inductive element configured to generate a third alternating current signal and a fourth alternating current signal based, at least in part, on being exposed to the alternating magnetic field, the third alternating current signal being out of phase from the fourth alternating current signal, the second inductive element being adjacent to the low voltage node and physically separated from the low voltage node, the first inductive element, and the plurality of inductive elements.
24. The RF power splitter of claim 18, wherein the first alternating current signal and the second alternating current signal are approximately 180 degrees of phase.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for producing a biaryl compound of formula (I)
8
wherein
R1 is the same or different and independently denotes a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, or a fluorine atom,
A denotes an aromatic hydrocarbon ring having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms or a pyridine ring,
B denotes an aromatic hydrocarbon ring having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms,
k and m independently denote an integer of from 0 to 5, and 1 denotes an integer of 1 or 2,
which method comprises reacting
an aromatic compound of formula (II);
9
wherein R1, k and l denote the same as defined above, and X1 denotes a leaving group, with a Grignard reagent of formula (III);
10
wherein R2, B, and m denote the same as defined above, and
X2 denote a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, in the presence of a cyclic ether, or an acyclic ether having two or more ether oxygens in the molecule and a nickel catalyst comprising a nickel compound and a nitrogen-containing compound, provided that the nitrogen-containing compound is not 2,2-bipyridyl.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the leaving group in formula (I) is a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a hydrocarbylsulfonate group, a halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a diazonium group.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the hydrocarbylsulfonate group is a methanesulfonate group or a p-toluenesulfonate group.
4. A method according to claim 2, wherein the halogen-substituted hydrocarbylsulfonate group is a trifluoromethanesulfonate group.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nickel compound is a nickel salt(II) or a nickel complex(0).
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the nickel compound is nickel halide(II), nickel nitrate(II), nickel acetate(II), nickel acetylacetonate(II), bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel (0), or nickel carbonyl(0).
7. A method according to claim 1, wherein R1 and R2 independently represent
a straight chain or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms,
a straight chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic alkoxy group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms,
an aryl group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or
an aryloxy group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, all of which may be substituted with at least one substituent group selected from
a straight chain, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms,
an aryl group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms,
a straight chain or branched, cyclic alkoxy group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and
an aryloxy group having from 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is
an alkylamine having from 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms and from 4 to 20 carbon atoms,
an alkoxyalkylamine having from 1 to 2 nitrogen atoms, from 5 to 20 carbon atoms and from 1 to 6 oxygen atoms,
N-alkylguanidines, N,N-dialkylpiperazine,
alkylpiperidine, N-alkylpyrrolidine,
N,N,N-trialkyltriazine, N-alkylmorpholine,
bicycloalkylamine, enamine, diazabicycloalkene,
pyridine, N,N-dialkylaminopyridine, and alkylpyridine pyrrole and alkylpyrrole,
imidazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, aryl-alkyl group or an aryl group,
pyrazole which may be substituted with an alkyl or aryl group,
triazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group,
tetrazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group,
benzimidazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group, benzotriazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group,
oxazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group,
benzoxazole compound, benzothiazole compound,
carbazole and N-alkylcarbazole, quinoline compound
phthalazine compound, quinazoline compound,
pyrimidine which may be substituted with an alkyl group,
piperazine, piperidine, pyrrolidine,
N,N,N-trialkyltriazacycloalkane, morpholine, or a cyclic urea compound.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is acyclic nitrogen-containing compound or cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, wherein the nitrogen atom or atoms of the acyclic nitrogen-containing compound and cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds are tertiary nitrogen atom or atoms.
10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylene-1,2-diamine, N,N,N,N-tetramethylpropylene-1,3-diamine, N,N,N,N,N-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tris(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)amine, tris(2-methoxyethyl)amine, N,N-diethyl-2-methoxyethylamine, tetramethylguanidine, 1,4-dimethylpiperazine, N-Methylpiperidine, 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine, N-ethylpyrrolidine, 1,3,5-trimethyltriazine, 1,4,7-trimethyltriazacyclononane, N-methylmorpholine, 1,4-diazabicyclo2.2.2.octane, quinuclidine, N-(1-cyclopentenyl)morpholine, 1,8-diazabicyclo-5.4.0-undec-7-ene, 1,5-diazabicyclo-4.3.0-non-5-ene, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, N-isopropylpyrrole, N-phenylimidazole, N-methylimidazole, 1,5-dimethylimidazole, N-benzylimidazole, 1-phenyl-1,2-pyrazole, 1-methyl-1,2-pyrazole, 1-methyl-1, 2, 3-triazole, 1,5-dicyclohexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrazole, 1-methylbenzimidazole, 1-methyl-1, 2,3-benzotriazole, 2,4,5-trimethyloxazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, N-ethylcarbazole, quinoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, 4-ethylpyrimidine, N,N-dimethylimidazolidone or N,N-dimethyl-propyleneurea.
11. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the cyclic ether is 1,4-dioxane.
12. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the chain ether having two or more ether oxygens in the molecule is a glyme.
13. A method according to claims 8, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is the imidazole which may be substituted with an alkyl group, aryl-alkyl group or an aryl group, the diazabicycloalkene, the N,N-dialkylaminopyridine, the alkoxyalkylamine, or the alkylamine.
14. A method according to claim 8, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is N-methylimidazole.
15. A method according to claim 8, wherein the diazabicycloalkene is 1,8-diazabicyclo-5.4.0-undec-7-ene.
16. A method according to any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein at least one ortho-carbon atom of the aromatic compound of formula (II) or the Grignard compound of formula (III) is substituted with a hydrogen atom, wherein the ortho-carbon atom is defined in relation to the carbon atom bonded with X1 group or MgX2 group.
17. A method according to claim 8, wherein the aromatic compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (IV):
11
wherein R3 and R4 are the same or different and independently denote an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aryl group, an alkoxyl group, an aryloxy group, an aralkyloxy group or a fluorine atom,
p and q independently denote an integer of from 0 to 4, and pq<5.
18. A method according to claim 11, wherein the nitrogen-containing compound is triethylamine.
19. A method according to anyone of claims 1 to 9, wherein the reaction is conducted at a temperature range of from not lower than 40 C. to not higher than 200 C.