1. A method of bleaching skin, comprising applying to the skin an effective amount of at least one compound belonging to the optical brightener family.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin is bleached immediately upon application of the compound belonging to the optical brightener family.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the compound belonging to the optical brightener family provides the skin at least one quality selected from the group consisting of uniformity, homogeneity, clarity, and alabaster-smooth appearance.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein Asian skin is treated.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound belonging to the optical brightener family is contained in a concealer composition.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein Caucasian skin is treated.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound belonging to the optical brightener family absorbs in the UVA range between 300 and 390 nm and re-emits between 400 and 525 nm.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound belonging to the optical brightener family is selected from the group consisting of stilbene derivatives, coumarin derivatives, oxazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives and imidazole derivatives.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the optical brightener is selected from the group consisting of sodium 4,4-bis(4,6-dianilino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)aminostilbene-2,2-disulphonate and 2,5-thiophenediylbis(5-tert-butyl-1,3-benzoxazole).
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound belonging to the optical brightener family is applied in combination with at least a second skin bleaching agent which is not an optical brightener.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the second skin bleaching agent is selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone and derivatives thereof, kojic acid and derivatives thereof, lactic acid and salts thereof, ascorbic acid and derivatives thereof, azelaic acid, arbutin and derivatives thereof, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, and paracetamol.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the second skin bleaching agent is represented by formula (I):
2
wherein
R is a hydrogen atom or COR2,
R2 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear, cyclic or branched, optionally hydroxylated, C1 to C30 alkyl or alkoxy radical,
R1 is a radical selected from the group consisting of
(a) CONR3R4,
(b) COOR5, and
(c) SO2R5,
R3 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally hydroxylated, C1 to C6 alkyl radical,
R4 is a hydrogen atom or the radical R5 defined below,
R5 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear, cyclic or branched, optionally hydroxylated, C1 to C30 alkyl radical.
13. A composition, comprising at least one compound belonging to the optical brightener family and at least one second skin bleaching agent which is not an optical brightener.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the second skin bleaching agent is selected from the group consisting of hydroquinone and derivatives thereof, kojic acid and derivatives thereof, lactic acid and salts thereof, ascorbic acid and derivatives thereof, azelaic acid, arbutin and derivatives thereof, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, and paracetamol.
15. The composition of claim 13, wherein the second skin bleaching agent is represented by formula (I):
3
wherein
R is a hydrogen atom or COR2,
R2 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear, cyclic or branched, optionally hydroxylated, C1 to C30 alkyl or alkoxy radical,
R1 is a radical selected from the group consisting of
(a) CONR3R4,
(b) COOR5, and
(c) SO2R5,
R3 is a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally hydroxylated, C1 to C6 alkyl radical,
R4 is a hydrogen atom or the radical R5 defined below,
R5 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear, cyclic or branched, optionally hydroxylated, C1 to C30 alkyl radical.
16. The composition of claim 13, further comprising at least one agent capable of screening out UV rays andor at least desquamating agent.
17. A composition, comprising at least one compound belonging to the optical brightener family and at least one desquamating agent.
18. A composition, comprising at least one compound belonging to the optical brightener family and at least one moisturizer.
19. A composition, comprising at least one compound belonging to the optical brightener family and at least one anti-wrinkle agent.
20. A method of bleaching skin comprising applying the composition of claim 13 to the skin.
21. A method of preparing the composition of claim 13, comprising combining the compound belonging to the optical brightener family and the second skin bleaching agent.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for reducing crosstalk between digital subscriber lines, which relates to a central office device, a customer premise device and a line connecting the central office device with the customer premise device, characterized by comprising:
obtaining a parameter of the line according to a handshake signal;
determining a usable frequency of the line according to the parameter of the line, and determining signal transmit power or power spectrum density according to the usable frequency; and
transmitting signal at the usable frequency according to the determined signal transmit power or power spectrum density.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, the parameter of the line comprises:
power level of received subcarriers, andor frequency response, andor background noise, andor a parameter calculated according to the power level of received subcarriers andor the frequency response andor the background noise.
3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, the handshake signal is a handshake signal defined in G.994.1.
4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, if the parameter of the line is electric length of the line, the obtaining the parameter of the line according to the handshake signal comprises:
calculating the line electric length of the line according to the power level of received subcarriers during the handshake phase; or,
obtaining the electric length of the line by means of a line test instrument.
5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that, the determining a usable frequency comprises:
determining a frequency range of transmit signal in corresponding line during channel discovery phase, training phase andor channel analysis phase according to the line electric length of the line.
6. The method according to of claim 4, characterized by further comprising:
if the line electric length of the line exceeds a predetermined threshold, reducing frequency of uplink signal andor downlink signal to be transmitted in the line.
7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, the reducing the frequency of uplink signal andor downlink signal to be transmitted in the line comprises:
turning off the transmitting of high frequency signal in the line and just transmitting low frequency signal.
8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, the predetermined threshold is a fixed value or a modifiable threshold.
9. A method for reducing crosstalk between digital subscriber lines, characterized by comprising:
determining a parameter of a line, and determining transmit power of a signal to be transmitted in the line according to the parameter of the line and a corresponding upper limit of transmit power.
10. A method for reducing crosstalk between digital subscriber lines, which relates to a central office device, a customer premise device and a line connecting the customer premise device with the central office device, characterized by comprising:
obtaining a parameter of the line according to a handshake signal; and
determining an unusable frequency of the line according to the obtained parameter of the line, and reducing power or power spectrum density of a signal in the unusable frequency.
11. An apparatus for reducing crosstalk between digital subscribe lines, characterized by comprising:
a line parameter calculating module, adapted to calculate and determine a line parameter of a line; and
a transmit signal processing module, adapted to determine the frequency range of signal to be transmitted according to the determined line parameter of the line and transmit a signal of corresponding frequency.
12. The apparatus according to claim 11, characterized further comprising:
a signal process triggering module, adapted to trigger the transmit signal processing module during handshake phase, channel discovery phase training phase andor channel analysis phase.
13. The apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that,
the apparatus is arranged in the central office device andor the remote customer premise device of digital subscriber line.
14. The apparatus according to claim 12, characterized in that,
the apparatus is arranged in the central office device andor the remote customer premise device of digital subscriber line.