1. An apparatus for the production andor refrigeration of a low temperature boiling point gas comprising:
A) a recycle compressor set comprising in series a first stage recycle compressor set and a second stage recycle compressor set each having a suction and a discharge and delivering high pressure coolant at a floating high pressure, receiving recycle return coolant at a floating lower pressure;
B) a consumer load return compressor set having a suction and a discharge delivering coolant at an intermediate floating pressure level at a point in between the first and second stage recycle compressor sets and receiving low pressure consumer returned coolant;
C) a warm end pre-cooler comprising an LN2 pre-cooler andor a plurality of expansion stages with heat exchange receiving high pressure coolant from the recycle compressor set, delivering one or more portions of the high pressure coolant through a one or more expansion stages with heat exchange to the recycle return, and the remaining portion of high pressure coolant to a cold end cooler;
D) the cold end cooler receiving coolant from the warm end pre-cooler, delivering one or more portions of the high pressure coolant through a one or more cold end cooler expansion stages with heat exchange to a either the recycle return or the recycle sub-cooler, comprising a plurality of expansion stages with heat exchange, a consumer load expansion stage, a recycle sub-cooler and a consumer load sub-cooler;
E) a recycle return in the cold end cooler and warm end pre-cooler, receiving high pressure coolant through a plurality of expansion stages with heat exchange, delivering warmed coolant via heat exchange with the cold end cooler and warm end pre-cooler to the suction of the recycle compressor set;
F) a recycle sub-cooler receiving liquid coolant from one or more of the cold end cooler expansion stages with heat exchange or from the cooled high pressure coolant flow from the consumer expansion stage, returning recycle return coolant and providing further cooling of high pressure coolant being delivered to the consumer load;
G) a consumer load sub-cooler receiving liquid coolant from either the recycle sub-cooler or from the high pressure coolant cooled by the recycle sub-cooler, delivering high pressure coolant to a consumer load, receiving low pressure consumer returned coolant from the consumer load;
H) a separate low pressure consumer return, receiving coolant from the consumer load sub-cooler, delivering warmed coolant via heat exchange with the cold end cooler and warm end pre-cooler to the suction of the consumer load return compressor set;
I) a coolant gas storage device for the storage, removal and addition of gas coolant to the cooling cycle as required at the first or second stage recycle compressor sets via coolant supply lines located intermediate the gas storage device and the first and second stage recycle compressor sets.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further including a first stage recycle bypass valve located intermediate the first stage recycle compressor suction and discharge for bypassing flow from the discharge to the suction of first stage recycle compressor set should pressure to the first recycle return suction fall below a preset minimum.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 further including a consumer load compressor bypass valve located intermediate the discharge of the first stage recycle compressor set and the suction of the consumer load compressor for bypassing flow from the discharge to the suction of the consumer load compressor set should the pressure at the suction of the consumer load compressor set deviate from the desired set point.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 further including a second stage recycle compressor bypass valve located intermediate the second stage recycle compressor set discharge and suction for bypassing flow from the discharge to the suction of the second stage recycle compressor set should the pressure in between the first and second stage recycle compressor set fall below a preset minimum.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 further including a recycle return mass-in valve located intermediate the gas storage device and the suction of the first stage recycle compressor set for directing flow from the gas storage device to the suction of the first stage recycle compressor set based upon the level of liquid in either or both of the recycle sub-cooler and the consumer load sub-cooler, or based upon another equivalent indication of the current consumer load demand on the present operating condition of the process cycle.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 further including a mass-in valve located intermediate the gas storage device and the suction of the second stage recycle compressor set for directing flow from the gas storage device to the suction of the second stage recycle compressor set based upon the liquid level in either or both of the recycle sub-cooler and the consumer load sub-cooler, or based upon another equivalent indication of the current consumer load demand on the present operating condition of the process cycle.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 further including a mass-out valve located intermediate the discharge of the second stage recycle compressor set and the gas storage device for directing flow from the discharge of the second stage recycle compressor set to the gas storage device based upon the liquid level in either or both of the recycle sub-cooler and the consumer load sub-cooler, or based upon another equivalent indication of the current consumer load demand on the present operating condition of the process cycle.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 further including a capacity equalization valve for directing flow from the low pressure consumer load return to the recycle return.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 further including a consumer load return pressure control valve for regulating the low pressure consumer load return flow to the consumer load compressor set and to the recycle compressor set.
10. A method for the production andor refrigeration of a low temperature boiling gas comprising:
A) charging a low boiling gas production andor refrigeration system from a coolant storage device with a low boiling gas using a compressor set comprising a first stage recycle compressor set, a second stage recycle compressor set, and a consumer load compressor set, each of the compressors having a discharge and a suction end;
B) compressing the coolant to a high pressure in the compressor sets;
C) cooling the high pressure coolant by transfer through a warm end pre-cooler comprising an LN2 pre-cooler andor a plurality of expansion stages with heat exchange;
D) transferring a single or multiple portions of the high pressure coolant in the warm-end pre-cooler via expansion stages with heat exchange providing cooling, and thence to a recycle return;
E) transferring coolant to the recycle return in the warm end pre-cooler for warming by heat exchange, and thence to the suction of the recycle compressor set via the recycle return;
F) further cooling the high pressure coolant by transfer through a cold end cooler comprising a plurality of expansion stages with heat exchange, a consumer load expansion stage, a recycle sub-cooler and a consumer load sub-cooler;
G) transferring a single or multiple portions of the high pressure coolant in the cold-end cooler via expansion stages with heat exchange providing cooling, and thence to a recycle return or to the recycle sub-cooler;
H) transferring coolant delivered to the recycle return in the cold end cooler for warming by heat exchange with the cold end cooler and warm end pre-cooler and thence to the suction of the recycle compressor set;
I) further cooling of the high pressure coolant through a consumer load expansion stage with heat exchange;
J) transferring a portion of either the high pressure coolant leaving the consumer expansion stage or a portion of the coolant cooled via one or more expansion stages with heat exchange in the cold end cooler to a recycle sub-cooler as a liquid;
K) transferring a portion of the coolant in the recycle sub-cooler to a recycle return;
L) transferring coolant from the recycle sub-cooler delivered to the recycle return in the cold end cooler for warming by heat exchange with the cold end cooler and warm end pre-cooler and thence to the suction of recycle compressor set;
M) transferring of a portion of the liquid coolant from the recycle sub-cooler or a portion of the high pressure coolant cooled by the recycle sub-cooler to a consumer load sub-cooler as a liquid;
N) further cooling of the high pressure coolant through the consumer load sub-cooler and delivering the high pressure coolant to a consumer load to cool the consumer load, and produce consumer load returned coolant;
O) transferring the consumer load returned coolant to the consumer load sub-cooler;
P) transferring the consumer load returned coolant, from the consumer load sub-cooler to the cold end cooler and warm end pre-cooler for warming and thence to the suction of a consumer load compressor set via a separate low pressure consumer load return; and
Q) re-introducing the consumer load return coolant to the process cycle by compression in the consumer load compressor set and delivery to a point between the first and second stage recycle compressor sets.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: detecting the level of liquid coolant in the recycle sub-cooler and the consumer load sub-cooler or some other indication reflecting the current consumer load demand’s effect on the present operating condition of the system, and opening or closing mass-in and mass-out valves located between the gas storage device and the first and second recycle compressor sets to charge or depressurize the system, allowing the system floating pressures to compensate for an increase or decrease in the consumer load.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: opening a first stage recycle bypass valves located intermediate the first stage recycle compressor set suction and discharge to bypass flow of coolant from between the first and second stage recycle compressor sets to the suction end of the first stage recycle compressor set in the event that pressure in the recycle return feeding the first stage recycle compressor set falls below a preset minimum.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising: opening a consumer load compressor bypass valve located intermediate the consumer load compressor suction and discharge to bypass flow of coolant from the discharge of the consumer load compressor set to the suction of the consumer load compressor set to maintain a desired consumer load return pressure.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: opening a second stage recycle compressor bypass valve located intermediate the second stage recycle compressor suction and discharge to bypass flow of coolant from the discharge of the second stage recycle compressor set to the suction of the second stage recycle compressor set in the event that pressure at the suction of the second stage recycle compressor set falls below a preset minimum.
15. The method of claim 14 further comprising: opening a naturally operating capacity equalization valve to direct warm flow from the consumer load return to the recycle return.
16. The method of claim 15 further comprising: opening or closing a consumer load return pressure control valve, thereby regulating consumer load return to the compressor sets.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A transdermal pharmaceutical composition for reducing the likelihood of calcium deficiency or imbalances caused by calcium deficiency in a human comprising:
a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of calcium; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising a pluronic lecithin organogel;
wherein a dosage of said composition is rubbed onto an outer layer of skin of said human to achieve said transdermal delivery of said therapeutically effective amount of said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of calcium.
2. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein said therapeutically effective amount of calcium is in the range of 10 mg to 150 mg per dosage.
3. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2, wherein said therapeutically effective amount of calcium is 40 mg per dosage.
4. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of calcium is calcium pantothenate.
5. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a mineral selected from the group consisting of magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and any combination thereof.
6. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a vitamin selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B2, vitamin B1, folic acid, choline, lecithin, inositol, PABA, biotin, bioflavonoids, and any combination thereof.
7. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of lycopene, lutein, and a combination thereof.
8. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a hormone selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, melatonin, and any combination thereof.
9. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine, glutamine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, GABA, tryptophan, carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and any combination thereof.
10. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of a fish oil, a flax seed oil, and any combination thereof.
11. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of coenzyme Q10.
12. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a cartilage building nutrient selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and any combination thereof.
13. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a herb selected from the group consisting of ginkgo biloba, echinacea, 5-HTP, St. John’s wort, saw palmetto, and any combination thereof.
14. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein said pluronic lecithin organogel comprises a mixture of a soy lecithinisopropyl palmitate and a pluronic organogel.
15. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein said imbalances caused by calcium deficiency are selected from the group consisting of hypertension, high cholesterol, colon and rectal cancer, osteomalacia, rickets, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, tooth decay, and premenstrual syndrome.
16. A transdermal pharmaceutical composition for reducing the likelihood of calcium deficiency or imbalances caused by calcium deficiency in a human comprising:
a therapeutically effective amount of calcium pantothenate;
a therapeutically effective amount of magnesium chloride; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising a pluronic lecithin organogel;
wherein a dosage of said composition is rubbed onto an outer layer of skin of said human to achieve said transdermal delivery of said therapeutically effective amount of said calcium pantothenate and said magnesium chloride.
17. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein said therapeutically effective amount of said calcium pantothenate is in the range of 10 mg to 150 mg per dosage and said therapeutically effective amount of said magnesium chloride is in the range of 4.0 to 100 mg per dosage.
18. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, wherein said therapeutically effective amount of said calcium pantothenate is 40 mg per dosage and said therapeutically effective amount of said magnesium chloride is 7.44 mg per dosage.
19. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a mineral selected from the group consisting of zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and any combination thereof.
20. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a vitamin selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B2, vitamin B1, folic acid, choline, lecithin, inositol, PABA, biotin, bioflavonoids, and any combination thereof.
21. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of lycopene, lutein, and a combination thereof.
22. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a hormone selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, melatonin, and any combination thereof.
23. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine, glutamine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, GABA, tryptophan, carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and any combination thereof.
24. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of a fish oil, a flax seed oil, and a combination thereof.
25. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of coenzyme Q10.
26. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a cartilage building nutrient selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and any combination thereof.
27. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a herb selected from the group consisting of ginkgo biloba, echinacea, 5-HTP, St. John’s wort, saw palmetto, and any combination thereof.
28. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein said pluronic lecithin organogel comprises a mixture of a soy lecithinisopropyl palmitate and a pluronic organogel.
29. The transdermal pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein said imbalances caused by calcium deficiency are selected from the group consisting of hypertension, high cholesterol, colon and rectal cancer, osteomalacia, rickets, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, tooth decay, and premenstrual syndrome.
30. A method of reducing the likelihood of calcium deficiency or imbalances caused by calcium deficiency in a human comprising the steps of topically administering to said human a transdermal pharmaceutical composition comprising:
a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of calcium; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising a pluronic lecithin organogel;
wherein a dosage of said composition is rubbed onto an outer layer of skin of said human to achieve said transdermal delivery of said therapeutically effective amount of said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of calcium.
31. The method according to claim 30, wherein said therapeutically effective amount of calcium is in the range of 10 mg to 150 mg per dosage.
32. The method according to claim 31, wherein therapeutically effective amount of calcium is 40 mg per dosage.
33. The method according to claim 30, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salt of calcium is calcium pantothenate.
34. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a mineral selected from the group consisting of magnesium, zinc, selenium, manganese, chromium, and any combination thereof.
35. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a vitamin selected from the group consisting of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B2, vitamin B1, folic acid, choline, lecithin, inositol, PABA, biotin, bioflavonoids, and any combination thereof.
36. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a carotenoid selected from the group consisting of lycopene, lutein, and a combination thereof.
37. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a hormone selected from the group consisting of dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, pregnenolone, melatonin, and any combination thereof.
38. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an amino acid selected from the group consisting of arginine, glutamine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, GABA, tryptophan, carnitine, acetyl-l-carnitine, and any combination thereof.
39. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of a fish oil, a flax seed oil, and a combination thereof.
40. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of coenzyme Q10.
41. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a cartilage building nutrient selected from the group consisting of glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and any combination thereof.
42. The method according to claim 30, further comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a herb selected from the group consisting of ginkgo biloba, echinacea, 5 HTP, St. John’s wort, saw palmetto, and any combination thereof.
43. The method according to claim 30, wherein said pluronic lecithin organogel comprises a mixture of a soy lecithinisopropyl palmitate and a pluronic organogel.
44. The method according to claim 30, wherein said imbalances caused by calcium deficiency are selected from the group consisting of hypertension, high cholesterol, colon and rectal cancer, osteomalacia, rickets, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, preeclampsia, tooth decay, and premenstrual syndrome.