1. A catalyst assembly comprising:
a two-dimension (2-D) extensive catalyst including one or more precious catalytic metals and having a catalyst crystal plane; and
a substrate supporting the 2-D extensive catalyst, the substrate including one or more non-precious catalytic metals and having a substrate crystal plane in substantial alignment with the catalyst crystal plane.
2. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes a graphitic compound of M-N\u2014C, wherein M represents a metallic element selected from the groups consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and combinations thereof, N represents nitrogen, and C represents carbon.
3. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes an aromatic ring structure in the form of M-N4, wherein M represents a metallic element selected from the groups consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and combinations thereof, and N represents nitrogen.
4. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more non-precious catalytic metals of the substrate include Co, Ni, Fe, Ti, V, and combinations and alloys thereof.
5. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the catalyst crystal plane includes first and second adjacent catalyst atoms defining a catalyst atomic distance, the substrate crystal plane includes first and second adjacent substrate atoms defining a substrate atomic distance, a percent difference between the catalyst and substrate atomic distances is less than 10 percent.
6. The catalyst assembly of claim 5, wherein the catalyst and substrate crystal planes are positioned next to each other.
7. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate is two-dimension (2-D) extensive such that the 2-D extensive catalyst and the substrate are positioned next to each other in a layer-layer configuration.
8. The catalyst assembly of claim 1 configured as a plurality of core-shell particles, wherein the 2-D catalyst is the shell and the substrate is the core.
9. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the 2-D extensive catalyst has a thickness dimension of 2 to 20 atomic layers.
10. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate and the 2-D extensive catalyst have at least one crystal plane in common, the common crystal plane being a (111) crystal plane, a (110) crystal plane, a (001) crystal plane, andor a (0001) crystal plane.
11. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate includes a mesh support, the mesh support including one or more pores for transporting water molecules.
12. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the substrate is electronically conductive.
13. A catalyst assembly comprising:
a two-dimension (2-D) extensive catalyst having a catalyst crystal plane including two adjacent atoms defining a catalyst atomic distance, the 2-D extensive catalyst including one or more precious catalytic metals; and
a substrate supporting the 2-D extensive catalyst and having a substrate crystal plane positioned next to the catalyst crystal plane, the substrate crystal plane including two adjacent atoms defining a substrate atomic distance and including one or more non-precious catalytic metals, wherein a percent difference between the catalyst and substrate atomic distances is less than 10 percent.
14. The catalyst assembly of claim 13, wherein the substrate includes a graphitic compound of M-N\u2014C, wherein M represents a metallic element selected from the groups consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and combinations thereof, N represents nitrogen, and C represents carbon.
15. The catalyst assembly of claim 13, wherein the substrate includes an aromatic ring structure in the form of M-N4, wherein M represents a metallic element selected from the groups consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and combinations thereof, and N represents nitrogen.
16. The catalyst assembly of claim 13, wherein the substrate is two-dimension (2-D) extensive such that the 2-D extensive catalyst and the substrate are positioned next to each other in a layer-layer configuration.
17. The catalyst assembly of claim 13 configured as a plurality of core-shell particles, wherein the 2-D catalyst is the shell and the substrate is the core.
18. The catalyst assembly of claim 1, wherein the 2-D extensive catalyst has a thickness dimension of 2 to 20 atomic layers.
19. The catalyst assembly of claim 13, wherein the substrate is a mesh including one or more pores for transporting water molecules.
20. A catalyst assembly comprising:
a two-dimension (2-D) extensive catalyst having a catalyst crystal plane including two adjacent atoms defining a catalyst atomic distance, the 2-D extensive catalyst including one or more precious catalytic metals and having a thickness dimension of 2 to 20 atomic layers; and
a substrate supporting the 2-D extensive catalyst having a substrate crystal plane positioned next to the catalyst crystal plane, the substrate crystal plane including two adjacent atoms defining a substrate atomic distance and one or more non-precious catalytic metals, wherein a percent difference between the catalyst and substrate atomic distances is less than 10 percent, and wherein the substrate includes one or more graphene-containing structures including graphite, graphene, metal sulfides, selenides, and silicides; one or more aromatic-ring structured polymeric materials including phthalocyanines, porphyrins, Schiff bases, metal-N4 macrocycles, and metal-organic frameworks; or combinations thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for treating dried, cracked, or chapped lips or preventing or reducing the appearance of lip wrinkles comprising topically applying a composition to dried, cracked, or chapped lips or to skin in need of prevention or reduction of lip wrinkles, wherein the composition comprises:
(a) a gel base;
(b) pomegranate extract that includes pomegranate sterols;
(c) shale extract that includes water-soluble minerals; and
(d) optionally a pigment.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises:
(a) at least 40% by weight of the gel base;
(b) 0.01 to 2% by weight of the pomegranate extract;
(c) 0.01 to 2% by weight of the shale extract; and
(d) 3 to 7% by weight of a pigment or mixture of pigments.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a lip gloss.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the lip gloss is comprised in an elongated container that includes a wand or an applicator tip, wherein the tip is at least partially convex.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied to the surface of the lips or is applied to lips that already have lipstick or lip balm applied thereon.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a semi-solid.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a liquid.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the gel base comprises a hydrogenated polymer and a copolymer.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the hydrogenated polymer is hydrogenated polyisobutene and the copolymer is a butyleneethtylenestyrene copolymer or an ethylenepropylenestyrene copolymer or a combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is paraben free, hydroxyl acid free, carmine free, ceramide or ceramide precursor free, and dimethicone or cyclomethicone free.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a wax.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of the gel base to the wax is between 15:1 to 17:1.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the weight ratio of the wax to the shale extract is between 30:1 to 40:1 or between 35:1 to 37.5:1.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is transparent.