1. An absorbent article comprising an absorbent structure, the absorbent structure comprising a particulate super-absorbent material, the super-absorbent material comprising a plurality of particulate cores, the particulate cores comprising super-absorbent polymers, wherein a plurality of the particulate cores are coated with a coating agent, the coating agent comprising an organic coating compound comprising one or more polar groups, and wherein the particulate super-absorbent material has a contact angle and a corresponding cos CAm, wherein the cos CAm is greater than 0.3, wherein the coating agent is in the form of particles, wherein the coating agent particles have a mean particle size from about 0.001 microns to about 1 micron, and wherein the coated particulate cores reduce surface tension of water by less than about 10%.
2. The absorbent article of claim 1 wherein the absorbent structure further comprises cellulose fibers.
3. The absorbent article of claim 1 wherein the absorbent article is selected from the group consisting of a sanitary napkin, a panty liner, a diaper, a training pant, and an adult incontinence article.
4. The absorbent article of claim 1 wherein the absorbent structure comprises at least a first area and a second area, wherein each of the first and second areas comprise the super-absorbent material, wherein the super-absorbent material within the first area is different from the super-absorbent material in the second area.
5. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the plurality of coated particulate cores have a surface area of at least about 0.01 m2 gram.
6. The absorbent article of claim 5, wherein the plurality of particulate cores have a mean particle size from about 45 to about 850 microns.
7. The absorbent article of claim 6, wherein the organic coating compound makes up at least about 85% by weight of the coating agent.
8. The absorbent article of claim 5, wherein the plurality of particulate cores have a mean particle size from about 250 to about 450 microns.
9. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the plurality of coated particulate cores have a surface area of at least about 0.25 m2 gram.
10. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the organic coating compound makes up at least about 60% by weight of the coating agent.
11. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the coating agent coats the particulate cores in a substantially permanent manner.
12. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the coating agent reduces a surface tension of the super-absorbent material by less than about 5%.
13. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the coating agent generally does nor reduce a surface tension of the super-absorbent material.
14. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein none of the coating agent particles are more than about 50 microns.
15. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein one or more of the polar groups have a molecular weight less than about 500 mol.
16. The absorbent article of claim 15, wherein the coating agent comprises at least one cationic polar group and at least one anionic polar group.
17. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the coating agent is applied to the plurality of particulate cores via dry mixing.
18. The absorbent article of claim 17, wherein the coating agent is mixed with the plurality of particulate cores for at least about 30 minutes.
19. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the coating agent compounds selected from the group consisting of N-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethansulfonic-acid, N-(2-Acetamido)-imino-di-acetic-acid, N-acetyl-glycin, \u03b2-Alanine, Aluminum-hydroxy-acetate, N-Amidino-glycine, 2-Amino-ethyl-hydrogenphosphate, 2-Amino-ethyl-hydrogensulfate, Amino-methan-sulfonic-acid, Maleinic-acid, Arginine, Asparaginic-acid, Butane-di-acid, Bis(1-aminoguanidinium)-sulfate, 2-Oxo-propionic-acid, Tri-Calcium-di-citrate, Calciumgluconate, Calcium-saccharate, Calcium-Titriplex\xae, Carnitine, Cellobiose, Citrulline, Creatine, Dimethylaminoacetic acid, Than-1,2-disulfonic-acid, Ethylendiammoniumsulfate, Fructose, Fumaric-acid, Galactose, Glucosamine, Gluconic-acid, Glutamine, 2-Amino-glutaric-acid, Glutaric-acid, Glycine, Glycylglycine, Imino-di-acetic-acid, Magnesium-glycerophosphate, Oxalicacid, Tetrahydroxy-adipinic-acid, Taurine, N-Methyl-taurin, Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane, and N-(Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl)-2-aminoethansulfonicacid.
20. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the organic coating compound further comprises an oxygen atom bound to a hydrogen atom.
21. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the organic coating compound is an organic derivates of an oxo acid, or salt or ester thereof.
22. The absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the organic coating compound has from 2 to 9 carbon atoms.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Data Unit (PDU) signaling, the method performed by a network and comprising:
receiving, from a Machine-Type Communication (MTC) device, a random access preamble;
sending, to the MTC device, a random access response that includes a MAC PDU having a MAC header including information for supporting the MTC device;
receiving, from the MTC device, a scheduled transmission; and
performing contention resolution with the MTC device,
wherein the information for supporting the MTC device includes an amount of random access channel (RACH) load and RACH load control modes for the MTC device which are defined as access class barring (ACB) only mode, backoff control (BOC) only mode and both ACB and BOC mode, and
wherein each mode of the RACH load control modes is switchably used by the MTC device based on the amount of RACH load for determining re-attempt timing to transmit a random access preamble due to failure of reception of the random access response.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information for supporting the MTC device allows the MTC device to apply backoff interval values in a sub-header of the MAC header with the network.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the MAC header has a sub-header, and
wherein the sub-header includes a backoff indicator field for non-MTC devices.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the information for supporting the MTC device allows the MTC device to apply newly configured or reconfigured backoff interval values in a sub-header of the MAC header with the network.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the newly configured or re-configured backoff interval values, that are within a range of milliseconds, are respectively obtained by multiplying a variable to respectively backoff interval values used for non-MTC devices.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the newly configured or re-configured backoff interval values, that are within a range of seconds, are respectively obtained by newly calculated backoff intervals that are not used by non-MTC devices.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the newly configured to re-configured backoff interval values are respectively larger than backoff interval values used for non-MTC devices.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the information for supporting the MTC device is used in switching from performing access class barring (ACB) to performing backoff control (BOC), switching from performing BOC to performing ACB, switching from performing both ACB and BOC to performing only ACB, switching from performing both ACB and BOC to performing only BOC, switching from performing only ACB to performing both ACB and BOC, or switching from performing only BOC to performing both ACB and BOC.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the switching is performed based on an amount of Random Access Channel (RACH) load with respect to time.
10. A Machine-Type Communication (MTC) device comprising:
a radio frequency unit that is used to send and receive signals to and from a network;
a memory that is used to store information related to the signals sent to and received from the network and to store information related to backoff intervals (BI), backoff parameter values, or random access channel load control modes; and
a processor cooperating with the radio frequency unit and the memory to perform a random access method by,
sending, to a network, a random access preamble;
receiving, from the network, a random access response that includes a Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Data Unit (PDU) signaling having a MAC header including information for supporting the MTC device;
sending, to the network, a scheduled transmission; and
performing contention resolution with the network,
wherein the information for supporting the MTC device includes an amount of random access channel (RACH) load and RACH load control modes for the MTC device which are defined as access class barring (ACB) only mode, backoff control (BOC) only mode and both ACB and BOC mode, and
wherein the MTC device switchably uses each mode of the RACH load control modes based on the amount of RACH load for determining re-attempt timing to transmit a random access preamble due to failure of reception of the random access response.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the random access method is able to support Machine-Type Communication (MTC) protocols as a result of one of the following conditions being satisfied:
when the MAC header has a first sub-header having an extension field (E), a type field (T), and a backoff indicator field, and has a second sub-header having an extension field (E), a type field (T), and a backoff indicator field, whereby either the first sub-header or the second sub-header has a particular field being set to indicate information to be read by the MTC device; or
when the backoff intervals with index values 0 through 15 respectively mapped to a corresponding backoff parameter value having units of milliseconds, whereby index values 13, 14 and 15 are respectively mapped to a value multiplied by a running index resulting in new backoff parameter values having units of seconds to be read by the MTC device; or
when the MTC device sets its backoff parameter value to a value other than 0 milliseconds before selecting random access resources; or
when the RACH load control modes are defined as access class barring (ACB) only mode, backoff control (BOC) only mode, or both ACB and BOC mode, and said RACH load control modes are switchably used by the MTC device,
wherein the MAC header has a first sub-header including an extension field (E) indicating whether a second sub-header follows or not, which sets a value of the extension field (E) to 1 or 0, and the second sub-header includes a type field (T) indicating whether the second sub-header contains a random access preamble identifier field (RAPID) or backoff indicator field (BI), which sets a value of the second field to 1 or 0, and the backoff indicator field (BI) includes a backoff indicator,
wherein the processor determines that the backoff indicator field (BI) in the second sub-header indicates information for supporting the MTC device including an amount of random access channel (RACH) load, if the extension field (E) in the first sub-header is set to \u201c1\u201d and the type field (T) in the second sub-header is set to \u201c1\u201d and
wherein the first sub-header has at least one reserved bit field (R) that is defined as an extension field (X) and set to \u201c1\u201d to indicate that a following sub-header(s) is of extension field (E)type field (T)backoff interval (BI) format (ETBI) to be read by the MTC device.
12. The device of claim 11, whereby the type field (T) in the second sub-header is set to \u201c1\u201d to indicate that the following sub-header(s) is of extension field (E)type field (T)Random Access Preamble Identifier (RAPID) field format (ETRAPID) to be read by the MTC device.
13. The device of claim 11, wherein the index values 13, 14 and 15 are typically set as being reserved for future use, and the running index consists of a value \u2018a\u2019=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, or 16; a value \u2018b\u2019=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, or 16; and a value \u2018c\u2019=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, or 16, such that index value 13 has a backoff parameter value of 2*a or 5*a, index value 14 has a backoff parameter value of 10*b or 15*b, and index value 15 has a backoff parameter value of 20*c or 30*c.
14. The device of claim 11, wherein the backoff parameter value being set to the value other than 0 ms is 480 milliseconds; or 960 milliseconds; or (2*a) seconds, (5*a) seconds, or a value mapped to the 13th largest index of backoff intervals (BI).