1. A method for creating and writing defect management information of an information recording medium, comprising the steps of:
(a) detecting the presence of a defective area in an information recording medium, wherein the defective area is detected based on a number of PID errors andor a number of error bytes in a row of a data block;
(b) determining whether to move the data on the detected defective area into a replacement area as a result of step (a); and
(c) creating and writing the information signifying whether the replacement of the detected defective area is made or not as a result of step (b).
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said step (a)
includes a step of determining the presence of the defective area in the information recording medium by comparing the detected number of errors with a pre-specified reference number of errors.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said step (b) further determines the movement of the data recorded in the detected defective area into the replacement area based on whether or not the data on the defective area is real-time data.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein said step (c) writes the location information of the detected defective area to other information area which is separated from a pre-specified defect management information area.
5. A method according to claim 4, further comprising the step of:
updating the defect management information in said pre-specified area by moving said location information of the defective area in said other information area into said pre-specified defect management information area, when erasing of data recorded in the area containing the defective area is requested.
6. A method for creating and writing defect management information of an information recording medium, comprising the steps of:
(a) detecting the presence of a defective area in an information recording medium based on data reproduced from the information recording medium; and
(b) determining whether to replace the data on the detected defective area into a spare area based on type of the data, the data type being classified by whether the data is real-time data or non-real-time data, wherein the replacement is not performed if the data is real-time data while the replacement is performed if the data is non-real-time data.
7. A method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of:
creating and writing the information signifying whether the replacement of the detected defective area is made or not, as a result of the determining step.
8. A method according to claim 7, wherein said creating and writing step writes the location information of the detected defective area to other information area which is separated from a pre-specified defect management information area.
9. A method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of:
updating said pre-specified defect management information by moving said location information on the defective area in said other information area into said pre-specified defect management information area, when an erasing operation of data recorded in the area containing the defective area is requested.
10. An information recording medium, including defect management information in either a lead-in area followed by user data or a lead-out area preceded by the user data, wherein the defect management information includes
a first information being used for controlling the replacement of a defective area with a spare area and
a second information signifying whether the replacement of the defective area is performed, based on the type of the data recorded on the defective area, the data type being classified by whether the data is real-time data or non-real-time data, wherein the replacement is not performed if the data is real-time data while the replacement is performed if the data is non-real-time data.
11. An apparatus for creating and writing defect management information of an information recording medium, comprising:
a detector detecting the presence of defective area in an information recording medium based on data reproduced from the information recording medium, wherein the defective area is detected based on a number of PID errors andor a number of error bytes in a row of a data block; and;
a controller determining whether to move the data on the detected defective area into a replacement area according to the detection of the presence of the defective area and
creating and writing the information signifying whether the replacement of the detected defective area is made or not according to the determination.
12. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said detector includes
a comparator comparing the detected number of errors with a pre-specified reference number of errors.
13. An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said controller further determines the movement of the data recorded in the detected defective area into the replacement area based on whether or not the data on the detective area is real-time data.
14. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said controller writes the location information of the detected defective area to other information area which is separated from a pre-specified defect management information area.
15. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said controller updates the defect management information in said pre-specified area by moving said location information on the defective area in said other information area into said pre-specified defect management information area, when an erasing operation of data recorded in the area containing the defective area is requested.
16. An apparatus creating and writing defect management information of an information recording medium, comprising:
a detector detecting the presence of defective area in an information recording medium based on data reproduced from the information recording medium; and
a controller determining whether to move the data on the detected defective area into a replacement area based on the type of the data, the data type being classified by whether the data is real-time data or non-real-time data, wherein the replacement is not performed if the data is real-time data while the replacement is performed if the data is non-real-time data.
17. An apparatus according to claim 16,
wherein said controller creates and writes the information signifying whether the replacement of the detected defective area is made or not, as a result of the determination.
18. An apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said controller writes the location information of the detected defective area to other information area which is separated from a pre-specified defect management information area.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein said controller updates said pre-specified defect management information by moving said location information on the defective area in said other information area into said pre-specified defect management information area, when an erasing operation of data recorded in the area containing the defective area is requested.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
We claim:
1. A substantially non-acidic chewable prenatal nutritional composition, which comprises:
a vitamin C derivative;
a folic acid compound present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg; and
wherein the vitamin C derivative and the folic acid compound are contained together within a stable chewable dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamin C derivative is a mineral ascorbate or a multi-mineral ascorbate.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamin C derivative is selected from the group consisting of calcium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbate, zinc ascorbate, potassium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate and combinations thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamin C derivative is present in the composition in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the dosage form has a pH ranging from about 6.5 to about 9.0.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the dosage form has a pH ranging from about 7.0 to about 8.5.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the dosage form is pH neutral.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamin C derivative is alkaline.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the stable chewable dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a chewable tablet, a chewable lozenge, a particulate matrix, a cereal, a health bar, a confection, a nutritive food, a quick chew, a quick dissolve and combinations thereof.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is contained in a single dosage unit.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is divided into portions and contained in multiple dosage units.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein at least one portion is administered during the daytime and at least one portion is administered during the evening or nighttime.
13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the portions are uneven portions.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein at least one uneven portion is administered during the daytime and at least one uneven portion is administered during the evening or nighttime.
15. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a mineral compound.
16. The composition of claim 15, wherein said mineral compound is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide and combinations thereof.
17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the calcium carbonate is present in said composition in an amount ranging from about 20 mg to about 2,000 mg.
18. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a mineral selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and mixtures thereof.
19. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound.
20. The composition of claim 19, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound is selected from the group consisting of ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous gluconate, ferrous lactate, ferrous tartrate, iron-sugar-carboxylate complexes, ferrous succinate, ferrous glutamate, ferrous citrate, ferrous pyrophosphate, ferrous cholinisocitrate, ferrous carbonate, carbonyl iron and mixtures thereof.
21. The composition of claim 19, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound is present in said composition in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to 200 mg.
22. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a B vitamin.
23. The composition of claim 22, wherein the B vitamin is pyridoxine and is present in said composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg.
24. The composition of claim 1, further comprising vitamin D in amount ranging from about 100 IU to about 600 IU.
25. The composition of claim 1, further comprising vitamin E in an amount ranging from about 1 IU to about 50 IU.
26. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an aldono-lactone compound.
27. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an edible salt of an aldonic acid.
28. The composition of claim 27, wherein said aldonic acid is selected from the group consisting of L-threonic acid, L-xylonic acid, L-lyxonic acid and combinations thereof.
29. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a flavor, a sweetener, or combinations thereof.
30. The composition of claim 29, wherein said flavor is vanilla.
31. The composition of claim 29, wherein said sweetener is glycyrrizin and pharmaceutical salts thereof.
32. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an alkaline pH buffering agent.
33. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an anti-nausea agent.
34. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an herbal agent.
35. The composition of claim 1, further comprising ascorbic acid.
36. A substantially non-acidic chewable prenatal nutritional composition, which comprises:
ascorbic acid in an amount ranging from about 25 mg to about 2,000 mg;
a non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound in an amount sufficient to substantially neutralize the acidity of the composition;
a folic acid compound present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg; and
wherein the ascorbic acid, the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound and the folic acid compound are contained together within a stable chewable dosage form.
37. The composition of claim 36, wherein said composition has a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5.
38. The composition of claim 36, wherein said composition has a pH ranging from about 7.0 to about 8.5.
39. The composition of claim 36, wherein the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound has a total daily dosage of at least the amount required to substantially neutralize the acidity of the composition.
40. The composition of claim 36, wherein the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound is a mineral compound.
41. The composition of claim 40, wherein the mineral compound is selected from the group consisting of aluminum carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxy carbonate, aluminum citrate, dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate, aluminum magnesium glycinate, dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate, dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetic acid, bismuth aluminate, bismuth carbonate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, bismuth subnitrate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate, calcium citrate, calcium citrate malate, hydrated magnesium aluminate, activated sulfate, magnesium aluminate, magnesium aluminosilicates, magnesium carbonate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium trisilicate, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, oyster shell calcium and mixtures thereof.
42. The composition of claim 36, wherein the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound is selected from the group consisting of calcium-based compounds, antacids, aluminum-based compounds, magnesium-based compounds, sodium-based compounds, potassium-based compounds, and mixtures thereof.
43. The composition of claim 36, further comprising a vitamin C derivative.
44. The composition of claim 43, wherein the vitamin C derivative is a mineral ascorbate or a multi-mineral ascorbate.
45. The composition of claim 43, wherein the vitamin C derivative is selected from the group consisting of calcium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbate, zinc ascorbate, potassium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate and combinations thereof.
46. The composition of claim 43, wherein the dosage form has a pH ranging from about 6.0 to about 7.2.
47. The composition of claim 43, wherein the dosage form has a pH ranging from about 6.5 to about 7.0.
48. The composition of claim 43, wherein the dosage form is pH neutral.
49. The composition of claim 43, wherein the vitamin C derivative is alkaline.
50. The composition of claim 36, wherein the stable chewable dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a chewable tablet, a chewable lozenge, a particulate matrix, a cereal, a health bar, a confection, a nutritive food, a quick chew, a quick dissolve and combinations thereof.
51. The composition of claim 36, wherein the composition is contained in a single dosage unit.
52. The composition of claim 36, wherein the composition is divided into portions and contained in multiple dosage units.
53. The composition of claim 52, wherein at least one portion is administered during the daytime and at least one portion is administered during the evening or nighttime.
54. The composition of claim 52, wherein the portions are uneven portions.
55. The composition of claim 54, wherein at least one uneven portion is administered during the daytime and at least one uneven portion is administered during the evening or nighttime.
56. The composition of claim 36, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound.
57. The composition of claim 56, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound is selected from the group consisting of ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous gluconate, ferrous lactate, ferrous tartrate, iron-sugar-carboxylate complexes, ferrous succinate, ferrous glutamate, ferrous citrate, ferrous pyrophosphate, ferrous cholinisocitrate, ferrous carbonate, carbonyl iron and mixtures thereof.
58. The composition of claim 56, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound is present in said composition in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to 200 mg.
59. The composition of claim 36, further comprising a B vitamin.
60. The composition of claim 59, wherein the B vitamin is pyridoxine and is present in said composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg.
61. The composition of claim 36, further comprising vitamin D in amount ranging from about 100 IU to about 600 IU.
62. The composition of claim 36, further comprising vitamin E in an amount ranging from about 1 IU to about 50 IU.
63. The composition of claim 36, further comprising an aldono-lactone compound.
64. The composition of claim 36, further comprising an edible salt of an aldonic acid.
65. The composition of claim 64, wherein said aldonic acid is selected from the group consisting of L-threonic acid, L-xylonic acid, L-lyxonic acid and combinations thereof.
66. The composition of claim 36, wherein the stable chewable dosage form is a prenatal dietary supplement.
67. The composition of claim 36, further comprising an alkaline pH buffering agent.
68. A substantially non-acidic chewable prenatal nutritional composition, which comprises:
ascorbic acid;
at least one vitamin C derivative;
a folic acid compound present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg; and
wherein the composition is in a stable chewable dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5.
69. The composition of claim 68, further comprising a non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound.
70. A substantially non-acidic chewable nutritional composition for males or females planning to conceive a child, which comprises:
a vitamin C derivative;
a folic acid compound present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg; and
wherein the vitamin C derivative and the folic acid compound are contained together within a stable chewable dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5.
71. A substantially non-acidic chewable prenatal nutritional composition, which comprises:
a vitamin C derivative;
a folic acid compound present in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg; and
wherein the vitamin C derivative and the folic acid compound are contained together within a stable chewable extended release dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5.
72. A method of administering vitamin C to a pregnant woman without causing irritation to the esophagus or pharynx or gastrointestinal upset, which comprises:
administering to the pregnant woman a vitamin C derivative in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to about 1,000 mg; said vitamin C derivative being contained in a stable chewable dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5;
wherein the vitamin C derivative provides vitamin C without causing gastrointestinal upset.
73. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering a folic acid compound simultaneously with said vitamin C derivative.
74. The method of claim 73, wherein said folic acid is administered in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg.
75. The method of claim 73, wherein said folic acid is contained together with the vitamin C derivative in said stable chewable dosage form.
76. The method of claim 72, wherein the vitamin C derivative is a mineral ascorbate or a multi-mineral ascorbate.
77. The method of claim 72, wherein the vitamin C derivative is selected from the group consisting of calcium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbate, zinc ascorbate, potassium ascorbate, sodium ascorbate and combinations thereof.
78. The method of claim 72, wherein the vitamin C derivative is administered to the pregnant woman in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg.
79. The method of claim 72, wherein the vitamin C derivative has a pH ranging from about 6.5 to about 9.0.
80. The method of claim 72, wherein the vitamin C derivative has a pH ranging from about 7.0 to about 8.5.
81. The method of claim 72, wherein the vitamin C derivative is pH neutral.
82. The method of claim 72, wherein the stable chewable dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a chewable tablet, a chewable lozenge, a particulate matrix, a cereal, a health bar, a confection, a nutritive food, a quick chew, a quick dissolve and combinations thereof.
83. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering a mineral compound to the pregnant woman.
84. The method of claim 72, wherein said mineral compound is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, oyster shell calcium and combinations thereof.
85. The method of claim 72, wherein the calcium carbonate is administered to the pregnant woman in an amount ranging from about 20 mg to about 2,000 mg.
86. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering a mineral selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper or combinations thereof to the pregnant woman.
87. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering a pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound to the pregnant woman.
88. The method of claim 87, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound is selected from the group consisting of of ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous gluconate, ferrous lactate, ferrous tartrate, iron-sugar-carboxylate complexes, ferrous succinate, ferrous glutamate, ferrous citrate, ferrous pyrophosphate, ferrous cholinisocitrate, ferrous carbonate, carbonyl iron and mixtures thereof.
89. The method of claim 87, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable iron compound is administered in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to 200 mg.
90. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering a B vitamin to the pregnant woman.
91. The method of claim 90, wherein the B vitamin is pyridoxine and is administering in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 50 mg.
92. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering vitamin D in amount ranging from about 100 IU to about 600 IU to the pregnant woman.
93. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering vitamin E in an amount ranging from about 1 IU to about 50 IU to the pregnant woman.
94. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering an aldono-lactone compound to the pregnant woman.
95. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering an edible salt of an aldonic acid to the pregnant woman.
96. The method of claim 95, wherein said aldonic acid is selected from the group consisting of L-threonic acid, L-xylonic acid, L-lyxonic acid and combinations thereof.
97. The method of claim 72, wherein the stable chewable dosage form is a prenatal dietary supplement.
98. The method of claim 72, further comprising administering a pH buffering agent.
99. The method of claim 72, wherein the solubility of folic acid administered simultaneously with the vitamin C derivative is increased in the body of the pregnant woman.
100. The method of claim 72, further comprising administration of a dietary supplement to the pregnant woman.
101. The method of claim 72, further comprising a therapeutic or nutritional regimen for the pregnant woman.
102. The method of claim 72, wherein said vitamin C derivative is provided in a blister pack.
103. The method of claim 72, wherein said vitamin C derivative is dosed for nighttime administration.
104. The method of claim 72, wherein the pregnant woman has low ascorbic acid tolerance.
105. The method of claim 72, wherein the pregnant woman has a tendency to form kidney stones.
106. The method of claim 72, wherein the pregnant woman has enhanced vitamin C requirements.
107. The method of claim 72, wherein the pregnant woman has high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease.
108. The method of claim 72, wherein pregnancy presents a high risk for the pregnant woman.
109. The method of claim 72, wherein the pregnant woman is immuno-compromised.
110. The method of claim 72, wherein said method provides vitamin C without causing diarrhea or gastric inflammation.
111. The method of claim 72, wherein normal or above-normal levels of vitamin C are established and maintained in the body of the pregnant woman.
112. The method of claim 72, wherein said method increases the pregnant woman’s tolerance to vitamin C.
113. A method of administering vitamin C to a pregnant woman without causing gastrointestinal upset or tooth enamel erosion, which comprises:
administering to the pregnant woman an amount of ascorbic acid ranging from about 25 mg to about 2,000 mg;
a non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound in an amount sufficient to neutralize the acidity of the ascorbic acid; and a folic acid compound in an amount ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 5.0 mg; and
wherein the ascorbic acid, the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound and the folic acid compound are each contained in a stable chewable dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5.
114. The method of claim 113, wherein the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound has a total daily dosage of at least the amount required to substantially neutralize the ascorbic acid present in the stable chewable dosage form.
115. The method of claim 113, wherein the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound is a mineral compound.
116. The method of claim 115, wherein the mineral compound is selected from the group consisting of aluminum carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxy carbonate, aluminum citrate, dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate, aluminum magnesium glycinate, dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate, dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetic acid, bismuth aluminate, bismuth carbonate, bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, bismuth subnitrate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate, calcium citrate, calcium citrate malate, hydrated magnesium aluminate, activated sulfate, magnesium aluminate, magnesium aluminosilicates, magnesium carbonate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium trisilicate, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate, potassium citrate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium phosphate, sodium citrate, oyster shell calcium and mixtures thereof.
117. The method of claim 113, wherein the non-toxic acid neutralizing alkaline compound is selected from the group consisting of calcium-based compounds, antacids, aluminum-based compounds, magnesium-based compounds, sodium-based compounds, potassium-based compounds and mixtures thereof.
118. The method of claim 113, further comprising a vitamin C derivative.
119. The method of claim 113, wherein the stable chewable dosage form is selected from the group consisting of a chewable tablet, a chewable lozenge, a particulate matrix, a cereal, a health bar, a confection, a nutritive food, a quick chew, a quick dissolve and combinations thereof.
120. A method of administering vitamin C to a pregnant woman without causing tooth enamel erosion, which comprises:
administering to the pregnant woman a vitamin C derivative in an amount ranging from about 10 mg to about 1,000 mg; said vitamin C derivative being contained in a stable chewable dosage form having a pH ranging from about 5.5 to about 9.5;
wherein the vitamin C derivative provides vitamin C without causing tooth enamel erosion.