1. A dialysis cassette for a renal therapy machine, the cassette comprising:
a housing configured and arranged to be placed in the machine;
a flexible membrane attached to the housing, the membrane and housing cooperating with the machine to perform a valving function controlling flow of a renal failure therapy fluid;
fluid pathways within the housing for routing the renal failure therapy fluid; and
at least one balancing system and at least four valves operably connected to the at least one balancing system, the balancing system operably connected to the fluid pathways and to pumps for pumping the renal failure therapy fluid, the at least one balancing system configured to equalize the flow of the renal failure therapy fluid to and from a dialyzer or a patient,
wherein the cassette and the at least one balancing system are responsive to at least one pressure sensor for sensing a pressure of the renal failure therapy fluid and conveying a signal representative of the pressure to a controller of the machine, wherein the controller and the signal are configured to control the valves for a flow of renal failure therapy fluid to and from the at least one balancing system so that a pressure of the fresh renal failure therapy fluid to the at least one balancing system is equal to a pressure of spent renal failure therapy fluid to the at least one balancing system.
2. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein the cassette is configured for one of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and optionally, at least one temperature sensor within the cassette for sensing a temperature of the renal failure therapy fluid.
3. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein at least one of the at least four valves is a pressure-regulating valve or further comprising at least one pressure regulator configured for regulating a pressure of fresh dialysis fluid or spent renal failure therapy fluid.
4. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein the at least one balancing system comprises two balancing systems, the systems arranged and configured for simultaneously filling and draining of fresh and spent renal failure therapy fluid on opposite sides.
5. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, further comprising a separator in the at least one balancing system, wherein the separator is selected from the group consisting of a ball, a piston, a balloon, a wiper, and a membrane.
6. The dialysis cassette of claim 5, wherein the at least one balancing system is configured to prevent the separator from completely blocking flow into or from the at least one balancing system.
7. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein the at least one pressure sensor comprises two pressure sensors, a first pressure sensor for monitoring and controlling a flow of spent renal failure therapy fluid and a second pressure sensor for monitoring and controlling a flow of fresh renal failure therapy fluid.
8. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein the at least one balancing system is fabricated separately in at least two pieces and then attached to the housing.
9. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein the at least one balancing system comprises at least two ports configured for removal of air bubbles from the at least one balancing system.
10. The dialysis cassette of claim 1, wherein the at least one balancing system has a form selected from the group consisting of a right cylinder, an ovate cylinder, a balloon, a bellows, and a half cylinder.
11. A dialysis cassette for a renal therapy machine, the cassette comprising:
a housing for the cassette configured and arranged to be placed in the machine;
a flexible membrane attached to the housing, the membrane and housing cooperating with a controller of the machine to operate valves controlling a flow of a renal failure therapy fluid;
fluid pathways within the housing for routing the renal failure therapy fluid;
at least one balancing system operably connected to the fluid pathways, and at least four valves operably connected to the at least one balancing system, wherein the at least one balancing system is configured to equalize the flow of the renal failure therapy fluid to and from a dialyzer or a patient, and optionally, a temperature sensor for sensing a temperature of the renal failure therapy fluid within the at least one balancing system; and
a separator in the at least one balancing system, the separator configured to move freely within the balancing system, wherein the controller is configured to control the valves for the flow of the renal failure therapy fluid to and from the at least one balancing system so that a pressure of the fresh renal failure therapy fluid to the at least one balancing system is equal to a pressure of spent renal failure therapy fluid to the at least one balancing system.
12. The dialysis cassette of claim 11, wherein the separator is joined to a moving cylinder or piston, and the cassette is configured so that movement of the cylinder or piston is controlled by a motor or a shaft from the renal therapy machine.
13. The dialysis cassette of claim 11, wherein the cassette further comprises at least one pressure regulating valve or pressure regulator in fluid communication with the at least one balancing system.
14. The dialysis cassette of claim 11, wherein the at least one balancing system comprises two balancing systems, and optionally, wherein a volume of the balancing systems varies during operation of the cassette.
15. A method of equalizing fluid flow in a dialysis cassette for a renal therapy machine, the method comprising:
providing a renal failure therapy machine with a controller and a dialysis cassette therefor, the cassette and the controller configured for equalizing flow of fresh and spent dialysis fluid;
sequentially pumping the fresh and spent dialysis fluid into at least one balancing system of the cassette;
optionally, selecting an operating pressure for the at least one balancing system; and
controlling a flow of the fresh and spent dialysis fluid into the at least one balancing system so that a pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid in the at least one balancing system when the at least one balancing system is filled with fresh dialysis fluid equals a pressure of the spent dialysis fluid in the at least one balancing system when the at least one balancing system is filled with spent dialysis fluid, and if an operating pressure has been selected, wherein the pressures in the at least one balancing system equal the operating pressure.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid is made to equal the pressure of the spent dialysis fluid by opening valves connecting the pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid to the pressure of the spent dialysis fluid.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid is made equal to the pressure of the spent dialysis fluid by sensing the pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid and the pressure of the spent dialysis fluid, and operating valves and pumps to equalize the pressures.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid is made equal to the pressure of the spent dialysis fluid by using a pressure regulator on an outlet of at least one of a fresh dialysate pump and a spent dialysate pump.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one balancing system further comprises a separator, and wherein the balancing system is configured for preventing the separator from completely blocking flow into and from the at least one balancing system during operation of the cassette.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein selecting an operating pressure for the at least one balancing system comprises selecting a pressure-regulating valve with an operating pressure or selecting an operating set point using the controller.
21. A method of equalizing fluid flow in a dialysis cassette for a renal therapy machine, the method comprising:
providing a renal failure therapy machine with a controller and a dialysis cassette therefor, the cassette and the controller configured for equalizing flows of fresh and spent dialysis fluid;
sequentially pumping the fresh and spent dialysis fluid into at least one balancing system of the cassette, the at least one balancing system operably connected to at least four valves for inflow and outflow of dialysis fluid;
sensing a pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid and the spent dialysis fluid in the at least one balancing system; and
controlling a flow of the fresh and spent dialysis fluid into the at least one balancing system so that a pressure of the fresh dialysis fluid in the at least one balancing system when the at least one balancing system is filled with fresh dialysis fluid equals a pressure of the spent dialysis fluid in the at least one balancing system when the at least one balancing system is filled with spent dialysis fluid.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one balancing system comprises two balancing systems, each balancing system operably connected to four valves for inflow and outflow of dialysis fluid.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the pressure of the fresh and spent dialysis fluids are made equal by regulating the pressure of one of the fresh dialysis fluid and the spent dialysis fluid to equal the pressure of the other of the fresh dialysis fluid and the spent dialysis fluid.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein pumping fresh and spent dialysis fluid into the at least one balancing system causes movement of a separator within the at least one balancing system.
25. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one balancing system comprises two balancing systems, each having a separator, wherein pumping fresh and spent dialysis fluid into either of the two balancing systems causes movement of the separator and a volume change in at least one of the two balancing systems.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of inhibiting bacterial growth comprising contacting a bacteria with at least one disaccharide compound of
wherein
U and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014OR, \u2014NHR, \u2014NR(R),
wherein R may be the same or different, R is a moiety of not more than 20 carbon atoms independently selected from the group consisting of; alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl;
W is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014ORL, \u2014NHRL, \u2014NRLR,
wherein RL is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched moiety of between 3 and 55 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, and alkylaryl chain.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein RL is substituted by a moiety selected from the group consisting of: carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids, tetrazoles, amines, guanidiniums, amidines, imidazoles, and oxazoles.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more R groups is substituted by a moiety selected from the group consisting of: \u2014OH, \u2014NO, \u2014NO2, \u2014NH2, \u2014N3, halogen, \u2014CF3, \u2014CHF2, \u2014CH2F, nitrile, alkoxy, aryloxy, amidine, guanidiniums, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amide, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, aminoalkyl, aminodialkyl, aminotrialkyl, aminoacyl, carbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted imine, sulfate, sulfonamide, phosphate, phosphoramide, hydrazide, hydroxamate, hydroxamic acid, heteroaryloxy, carbamoyl, aminoaryl, aminoheteroaryl, thioalkyl, thioaryl and thioheteroaryl.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is of
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is a Gram+bacteria.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is a Gram\u2212bacteria.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is selected from the group consisting of an Escherichia coli (E. coli), Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurcus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin resistant and Streptococcus pyogenes.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is
wherein:
n
X
Y
R2
R3
1
H
CF3
1
H
CF3
0
H
CF3
0
H
CF3
0
H
CF3
1
CF3
H
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is
wherein:
R2
R3
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is
wherein:
X
Y
R2
R3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
F
H
F
H
F
H
F
H
F
H
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is
wherein:
X
Y
R2
R3
CF3
H
CF3
H
H
CH3
H
CH3
H
CH3
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus and the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
wherein
R1
R2
R3
H
H
H
H
n-decyl
and
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacteria is E. coli and the compound is
wherein:
X
Y
R2
R3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
H
CF3
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
wherein:
Compound
R1
R2
R3
42
51
56
n-decyl
65
67
68
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
and the bacteria is Micrococcus luteus.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
wherein:
Compound
R1
R2
R3
42
51
56
n-decyl
65
67
68
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
and the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
wherein:
Compound
R1
R2
R3
42
51
56
n-decyl
67
68
69
73
74
75
76
77
and wherein the bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus MRSA.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
wherein:
Compound
R1
R2
R3
42
51
56
n-decyl
65
67
68
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
and the bacteria is Enterococcus faecalis.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
wherein
Compound
R1
R2
R3
42
51
56
n-decyl
65
67
68
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
and wherein the bacteria is Enterococcus faecalis Vancomycin resistant.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is
wherein:
Compound
R1
R2
R3
42
51
56
n-decyl
65
67
68
69
70
73
74
75
76
77
and the bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes.
21. A method of inhibiting a bacterial infection in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of General Formula (I),
wherein
U and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of: \u2014OR, \u2014NHR, and \u2014NR(R),
wherein R may be the same or different, R is a moiety of not more than 20 carbon atoms independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl;
W is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014ORL, \u2014NHRL, \u2014NRLR,
wherein RL is a substituted or unsubstituted, linear or branched moiety of between 3 and 55 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, and alkylaryl chain.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the bacterium is a resistant or susceptible strain of a Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus or Staphylococcus.