1. An optical information recordingreproducing apparatus comprising a plurality of light sources, one of which emits an optical beam having such a wavelength as enables a larger amount of energy to be absorbed or reflected by recorded areas of a recording layer of an optical information medium than an amount of energy absorbed or reflected by non-recorded areas, said plurality of light sources emitting optical beams simultaneously to record information in an information recording mode.
2. An optical information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of light sources include a first light source and a second light source, at least one of which emits a light beam having a wavelength that enables a change rate of an absorption coefficient of unrecorded areas of the optical information medium to be within a range of 5% when the wavelength changes in a range of 10%:
3. An optical information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of light sources includes two light sources that are integrally provided for a single casing.
4. An optical information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plane-parallel plate arranged at a predetermined angle and located at a position to which optical beams emitted from said plurality of light sources are directed.
5. An information recordingreproducing apparatus comprising:
a plurality of light sources; and
an optical system for enabling optical beams from the light sources to be focused on a single point on a recording surface of an optical information medium,
said optical system including an object lens having a focal distance of F1 and a collimator lens having a focal distance of F2, ratio F2F1 being within a range of 4 to 10.
6. An information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said plurality of light sources are contained in one case.
7. An information recordingreproducing apparatus comprising:
a first light source for emitting an optical beam of a first wavelength;
a second light source for emitting an optical beam of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;
an optical system for guiding the optical beams from the first and second light sources along substantially one optical path, said optical system including a prism unit for synthesizing the optical beams from the first and second light sources together;
a detector for performing photoelectric conversion with respect to optical beams that are reflected by an optical information medium and guided to the detector by way of the object lens; and
a beam diameter varying device, arranged between the first and second light sources and the prism unit, for varying a beam spot diameter of an optical beam emitted from one of the first and second light sources.
8. An information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said beam diameter varying device is a cylindrical member which changes inner and outer diameters of a light beam incident thereon.
9. An information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said beam diameter varying device has a light-shielding structure for shielding a central portion of a light beam.
10. An information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said optical system further includes at least one of a collimator lens.
11. An information recordingreproducing apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said beam diameter varying device has a light-shielding structure for shielding a central portion of a light beam output from one of the collimator lens.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Pressure and temperature control system for at least one chemical reactor, in which the hydrothermal biomass carbonization reaction takes place, characterized in that it includes, at least, the following devices:
a) a deposit with at least one pressure regulation device;
b) a connecting duct between said deposit and the reactor;
c) a device for injecting condensates into the reactor.
2. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises, at least one system for recovering the enthalpy from the steam andor gases generated in the reactor.
3. Control system, according to claim 2, characterized in that the system for recovering the enthalpy from the steam andor gases generated in the reactor is a turbine.
4. Pressure control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises at least one equipment for refrigerating the steam andor gases generated in the reactor.
5. Control system, according to claim 4, characterized in that the refrigeration equipment is a condenser.
6. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises at least one deposit for storing the condensates.
7. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that the deposit (a) further comprises at least one inlet and at least one outlets for condensates, as well as at least one steam andor gases outlet located at the top of said deposit.
8. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that the deposit (a) further comprises at least one device selected from a group consisting of: a pressure regulation valve, a pressure probe, a temperature probe, a level probe, a deaerator, a vacuum breaker and a safety valve, as well as any combination thereof.
9. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that the connecting duct (b) between the reactor and the deposit (a) leads to said deposit below its surface of condensates.
10. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises, a system for injecting steam into the reactor.
11. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises, at least one external steam generating device.
12. Control system, according to claim 11, characterized in that the external steam generating device is a boiler o a steam compressor.
13. Control system, according to claim 1, characterized in that it additionally comprises at least one of the following equipments:
a) a pressurization equipment;
b) a preheating equipment;
c) a vertical reactor with flow reversal;
d) a cooling equipment, and
e) a depressurization equipment.
14. Use of a control system, according to claim 1, for controlling the pressure and temperature of at least one chemical reactor.
15. Use of a control system, according to claim 14, applied to a vertical reverse flow reactor, wherein the generated steams and gases are accumulated and evacuated through the top of the reactor.
16. Pressure and temperature control method, characterized in that it can be performed in the system according to claim 1, and wherein said method comprises the following steps:
a) pressurizing an aqueous mixture of biomass and catalyst to a pressure of at least 10 bar;
b) preheating the aqueous mixture of biomass and catalyst to a temperature of between 170\xb0 C. to 210\xb0 C.;
c) feeding the aqueous mixture of biomass and catalyst to a vertical reverse flow reactor in which a hydrothermal carbonization reaction takes place resulting in a mixture of carbonized biomass together with, at least, process water;
d) cooling the mixture of carbonized biomass together with, at least process water in a cooling tube up to values below its evaporation temperature under atmospheric pressure;
e) depressurizing and extracting the aqueous mixture from the carbonized biomass.
17. Pressure and temperature control method, according to claim 16, wherein said method further comprises an additional step for pretreating the biomass.
18. Pressure and temperature control method, according to claim 17, wherein said pretreating step comprises, in turn, at least one step for milling and at least one step for washing the biomass.
19. Pressure and temperature control method, according to claim 16, wherein said method comprises an additional step for recovering some of the heat released in step (d) for cooling the mixture with carbonized biomass together with, at least, the process water resulting from the hydrothermal carbonization process in step (b) for preheating the aqueous mixture of biomass and catalyst fed to the system.
20. Vertical reverse flow reactor according to claim 16, wherein said reactor comprises an riser tube therein, which occupies the central area of the reactor from the bottom up 50 to 80% of the reactor height.
21. Vertical reverse flow reactor according to claim 20, wherein said reactor further comprises at least one device selected from a group consisting of a safety valve, a pressure probe, a temperature probe, a filling level probe, an air and gas vent and a vacuum breaker, as well as any combination thereof.
22. Vertical reverse flow reactor according to claim 20, wherein said reactor comprises, in turn, in the side and the bottom thereof and the riser tube, at least one inlet for injecting steam.
23. Vertical reverse flow reactor according to claim 20, wherein said reactor comprises, in turn, in the side, at least one inlet for injecting condensates.