1. A flexible secondary battery comprising:
a first electrode layer;
a first current collector layer disposed on the first electrode layer, wherein a plurality of through-holes is defined in the first current collector layer;
a separator disposed on the first current collector layer;
a second current collector layer disposed on the separator, wherein a plurality of through-holes is defined in the second current collector layer; and
a second electrode layer disposed on the second current collector layer,
wherein the second current collector is interposed between the separator and the second electrode layer,
where the separator contacts the second electrode layer through the through-holes of the second current collector layer; and
wherein the flexible secondary battery further comprises a coupling member which binds current collector layers and separator.
2. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a 180\xb0 peeling strength of the first current collector layer and the separator or of the second current collector layer and the separator is in a range of about 1 Nm to about 1000 Nm.
3. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein each of the first current collector layer and the second current collector layer is a conductive mesh screen or a conductive perforated film.
4. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein each of the first current collector layer and the second current collector layer comprises copper, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, aluminum, or a combination or alloy thereof.
5. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a thickness of each of the first current collector layer and the second current collector layer is in a range of about 1 \u03bcm to about 100 \u03bcm.
6. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a diameter of the through-holes of each of the first current collector layer and the second current collector layer is in a range of about 50 \u03bcm to about 2 mm.
7. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a number of the through-holes of each of the first current collector layer and the second current collector layer is in a range of about 10 per inch to about 400 per inch.
8. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein a total thickness of the flexible secondary battery is in a range of about 25 \u03bcm to about 2 mm.
9. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, further comprising a substrate attached to an outer surface of the first electrode layer.
10. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, further comprising a first adhesive layer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the first current collector layer, which faces the separator.
11. The flexible secondary battery of claim 10, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises: a polyvinylalcohol-based resin; a fluorine resin, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoro ethylene, a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer or Nafion\xae; a polyacrylic acid-based resin, such as a polyacrylic acid, a polymethyl acrylate ester, a polyethyl acrylate ester or a polyacrylic acid hexyl ester; a polymethacrylic acid-based resin, such as a polymethacrylic acid, a polymethyl methacrylate ester, a polyethyl methacrylate ester or a polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester; polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyethersulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylonitrile or a derivative thereof; polyethylene, polypropylene, an aramid resin, a polymer of an ethylene propylene diamine monomer (EPDM), polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polypyrrol; a copolymer of two or more materials selected from tetrafluoro ethylene, hexafluoro ethylene, hexafluoropropylene, a perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, a fluoromethyl vinyl ether, an acrylic acid and hexadiene; or a combination thereof.
12. The flexible secondary battery of claim 10, wherein a thickness of the first adhesive layer is in a range of about 0.01 \u03bcm to about 100 \u03bcm.
13. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, further comprising a second adhesive layer disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the second current collector layer, which faces the separator.
14. The flexible secondary battery of claim 13, wherein the second adhesive layer comprises: a polyvinylalcohol-based resin; a fluorine resin, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoro ethylene, a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer or Nafion\xae; a polyacrylic acid-based resin, such as a polyacrylic acid, a polymethyl acrylate ester, a polyethyl acrylate ester or a polyacrylic acid hexyl ester; a polymethacrylic acid-based resin, such as a polymethacrylic acid, a polymethyl methacrylate ester, a polyethyl methacrylate ester or a polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester; polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyethersulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylonitrile or a derivative thereof; polyethylene, polypropylene, an aramid resin, a polymer of an ethylene propylene diamine monomer (EPDM), polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polypyrrol; a copolymer of two or more materials selected from tetrafluoro ethylene, hexafluoro ethylene, hexafluoropropylene, a perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, a fluoromethyl vinyl ether, an acrylic acid and hexadiene; or a combination thereof.
15. The flexible secondary battery of claim 13, wherein a thickness of the second adhesive layer is in a range of about 0.01 \u03bcm to about 100 \u03bcm.
16. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the coupling member comprises an insulating thread which ties together the first current collector layer, the separator and the second current collector layer.
17. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the coupling member comprises an insulating pillar which passes through the first electrode layer, the first current collector layer, the separator, the second current collector layer and the second electrode layer.
18. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the coupling member comprises a third adhesive layer which fills some of the through-holes of the first current collector layer.
19. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein the coupling member comprises a fourth adhesive layer which fills some of the through-holes of the second current collector layer.
20. The flexible secondary battery of claim 1, wherein
the coupling member comprises:
a first polymer film coated on an outer surface of the first electrode layer; and
a second polymer film coated on an outer surface of the second electrode layer,
wherein
the first polymer film has a plurality of pressing points which passes through the first electrode layer and the first current collector layer and binds to the separator, and
the second polymer film has a plurality of pressing points which passes through the second electrode layer and the second current collector layer and binds to the separator.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for supplying fuel for a hydrocarbon and water hybrid engine comprising:
supplying water from a water supply source to a steam chamber disposed adjacent to an exhaust conduit of an internal combustion engine;
conducting heat from said exhaust conduit to said steam chamber to produce steam;
flowing said steam to a catalytic converter that has a substrate element disposed therein with said substrate element coated with an oxide that is oxidizable with steam; and
converting said steam to hydrogen and oxygen and flowing said hydrogen and oxygen to an intake port of said internal combustion engine, and converting hydrogen and oxygen to steam in the combustion process, and recycling the steam to the catalytic converter.
2. The method as in claim 1 wherein said oxide is selected from the group consisting of bismuth, selenium, tellurium, arsenic, manganese, and antimony.
3. The method as in claim 1 wherein the steam temperature is approximately between 200 degrees F. to 1,200 degrees F.