1. A process for the production of chlorinated propenes from one or more chlorinated alkanes comprising 1,2-dichloropropane, comprising a chlorination step, conducted in the presence of an ionic chlorination catalyst, and a dehydrochlorination step, wherein the chlorinated propene comprises from 3 to 5 chlorine atoms.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the one or more chlorinated alkanes further comprise 1,2,3-trichloropropane.
3. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the chlorination step produces a mixture of trichloropropane, tetrachloropropane, and pentachloropropane.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein the mixture of trichlororopane, tetrachloropropane and pentachloropropane is dehydrochlorinated in the presence of a dehydrochlorinating catalyst.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the ionic chlorination catalyst comprises AlCl3, I2, FeCl3, sulphur, iron, antimony pentachloride, boron trichloride, one or more lanthanum halides, one or more metal triflates, or combinations of these.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the chlorinated propene comprises 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene.
7. The process of claim 4, wherein the dehydrochlorination is conducted in the liquid phase.
8. The process of claim 4, wherein the dehydrochlorination is conducted in the gas phase.
9. The process of claim 1, further comprising the use of Cl2, SO2Cl2 or combinations of these as a chlorinating agent.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein HCl is generated as a byproduct and recovered as anhydrous HCl.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein a per pass conversion of 1,2-dichloropropane is greater than or equal to 50%.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein trichloropropane and tetrachloropropane intermediate byproducts are recycled to the 1,2-dichloropropane chlorination reactor.
13. The process of claim 12, wherein trichloropropane andor tetrachloropropane are purified together and chlorinated separately from 1,2-dichloropropane.
14. A process for preparing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene or 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene comprising converting a chlorinated propene according to claim 1, into 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene or 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein a feedstream to the process is provided from an upstream chlorohydrin process.
16. The process of claim 4, wherein the dehydrochlorination catalyst comprises ferric chloride.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for optimizing stem merchandizing comprising the steps of:
providing a stem;
examining the stem to determine one or more shrinkage properties within the stem;
determining one or more locations at which to buck the stem based on a location of the one or more shrinkage properties to reduce warp of lumber derived from the stem;
bucking the stem at the one or more locations to create one or more logs;
examining the one or more logs to determine shrinkage properties of each the one or more logs;
orienting the one or more logs with respect to a cutting device based on asymmetries or eccentricities in a pattern of the shrinkage properties, the orientation being effective to reduce warp of the lumber derived from the log when the cutting device contacts the log; and
cutting the one or more logs using the cutting device to create lumber.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining one or more locations at which to buck the stem is also based on considering manners in which the one or more logs are subsequently processed.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein examining the stem includes obtaining one or more measurements from the group consisting of: microfibril angle measurement, moisture content measurement, electrical property measurement, structural property measurement, acousto-ultrasonic property measurement, light scatter (tracheid-effect) measurement, grain angle measurement, shape measurement, color measurement, spectral measurement and defect maps.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
creating a sound velocity map after the step of examining the stem to determine the one or more shrinkage properties of the stem.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of examining the stem further comprises:
determining one or more spiral grain properties within the stem.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of determining one or more locations at which to buck the stem is also based on the one or more spiral grain properties of the stem.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein determining one or more spiral grain properties within the stem includes measuring spiral grain angle andor location of spiral grain.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of orienting the one or more logs with respect to a cutting device based on asymmetries or eccentricities in a pattern of the shrinkage properties includes:
determining a first internal shrinkage pattern having a first axis of symmetry; and
determining a second internal shrinkage pattern having a second axis of symmetry; and
orienting the log to match the first axis of symmetry with the second axis of symmetry.
9. A method for optimizing stem merchandizing comprising the steps of:
providing one or more stems;
examining the one or more stems to determine a sound velocity pattern for each of the one or more stems;
determining one or more locations at which to buck each of the one or more stems based on each sound velocity pattern; and
bucking the stem at the one or more locations to create one or more logs;
wherein the step of determining one or more locations at which to buck each of the one or more stems includes aligning a sawing pattern with the sound velocity pattern.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of determining one or more locations at which to buck each of the one or more stems includes selecting a sawing pattern based on the sound velocity pattern.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein examining the one or more stems to includes obtaining one or more measurements from the group consisting of: microfibril angle measurement, moisture content measurement, electrical property measurement, structural property measurement, acousto-ultrasonic property measurement, light scatter (tracheid-effect) measurement, grain angle measurement, shape measurement, color measurement, spectral measurement and defect maps.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of determining one or more locations at which to buck the one or more stems is also based on considering manners in which the one or more logs are subsequently processed.
13. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of:
examining the stem to determine one or more shrinkage properties within the stem; and
wherein the step of determining one or more locations at which to buck the stem is also based on the one or more shrinkage properties of the stem.
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of:
creating a sound velocity map after the step of examining the stem to determine the one or more spiral grain properties.