What is claimed is:
1. A carrier comprising a protein immobilized adsorptively thereon, said protein having a sulfhydryl group represented by general formula (6):
NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH()()NH2Y (6)
wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences, R3 represents an amino acid sequence that has a strong negative charge around the neutral region and can acidify the isoelectric point of NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH, Y represents an arbitrary carrier for immobilization, and ()() represents a state of the adsorptive bond via an ionic bond.
2. The carrier for immobilization according to claim 1 wherein the carrier represented by general formula (6) is represented by NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHCH(CH3)CONHCH(CH2COOH)COn-OH()()NH2Y wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences, n is a natural number, and ()() represents a state of the adsorptive bond via an ionic bond.
3. The carrier for immobilization according to claim 1 or 2 wherein R2 is polyglycine.
4. The carrier for immobilization according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein R1 is an enzyme.
5. A process for immobilizing on a carrier for immobilization a protein represented by general formula (1):
NH2R1COOH (1)
wherein a protein having a sulfhydryl group represented by general formula (2) is produced:
NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH (2),
the resulting protein is immobilized adsorptively on the carrier for immobilization represented by general formula (3) via ion interactions under neutral conditions:
NH2Y (3),
and
a sulfhydryl group of the cysteine residue in the protein represented by general formula (2) that is adsorbed on the carrier for immobilization represented by general formula (3) is cyanated using a cyanating reagent to convert it into a cyanocysteine residue,
thereby producing an immobilized protein represented by general formula (4):
NH2R1CONHR2CONHY (4)
wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences, R3 represents an amino acid sequence that has a strong negative charge around the neutral region and can acidify the isoelectric point of NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH, and Y represents an arbitrary carrier for immobilization.
6. The process for producing an immobilized protein according to claim 5, wherein the protein represented by general formula (2) has a sulfhydryl group represented by NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHCH(CH3)CONHCH(CH2COOH)COn-OH wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences and n is a natural number.
7. The process for producing an immobilized protein according to claim 5 or 6, wherein R2 in the protein represented by general formula (2) is polyglycine.
8. The process for producing an immobilized protein according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein R1 in the protein represented by general formula (2) is an enzyme.
9. A process for producing a protein array by immobilizing on a substrate for immobilization a protein represented by general formula (1):
NH2R1COOH (1),
wherein a protein having a sulfhydryl group represented by general formula (2) is produced:
NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH (2),
the resulting protein is immobilized adsorptively on the substrate for immobilization represented by general formula (3) while arraying:
NH2Y (3),
and
a sulfhydryl group of the cysteine residue in the protein represented by general formula (2) that is adsorbed on the carrier for immobilization represented by general formula (3) is cyanated using a cyanating reagent to convert it into a cyanocysteine residue,
thereby producing a protein array having an immobilized protein represented by general formula (4):
NH2R1CONHR2CONHY (4)
wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences, R3 represents an amino acid sequence that has a strong negative charge around the neutral region and can acidify the isoelectric point of NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH, and Y represents an arbitrary substrate for immobilization.
10. The process for producing a protein array according to claim 9, wherein the process for adsorbing the protein on a substrate for immobilization while arraying is carried out by an ink jet system.
11. The process for producing a protein array according to claim 10, wherein a cyanating reagent, which cyanates a sulfhydryl group of the cysteine residue, is allowed to act using an ink jet printer.
12. A process for producing a protein array by immobilizing on a substrate for immobilization a protein represented by general formula (1):
NH2R1COOH (1),
wherein a protein having a cyano group represented by a general formula is produced:
NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SCN)CONHR3COOH,
and
the resulting protein is immobilized adsorptively on the substrate for immobilization represented by general formula (3) while arraying:
NH2Y (3),
thereby producing a protein array having an immobilized protein represented by general formula (4):
NH2R1CONHR2CONHY (4)
wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences, R3 represents an amino acid sequence that has a strong negative charge around the neutral region and can acidify the isoelectric point of NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH, and Y represents an arbitrary substrate for immobilization.
13. The process for producing a protein array according to claim 12, wherein the process for adsorbing the protein on a substrate for immobilization while arraying is carried out by an ink jet system.
14. The process for producing a protein array according to any one of claim 9 to 11, wherein the protein represented by general formula (2) has a sulfhydryl group represented by NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHCH(CH3)CONHCH(CH2COOH)COn-OH wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences and n is a natural number.
15. A protein array having a protein arrayed adsorptively thereon, said protein having a sulfhydryl group represented by general formula (6):
NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH()()NH2Y (6)
wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences, R3 represents an amino acid sequence that has a strong negative charge around the neutral region and can acidify the isoelectric point of NH2R1CONHR2CONHCH(CH2SH)CONHR3COOH, Y represents an arbitrary substrate for immobilization, and ()() represents a state of the adsorptive bond via an ionic bond.
16. A protein array comprising an arrayed protein immobilized thereon represented by general formula (4):
NH2R1CONHR2CONHY (4)
wherein R1 and R2 represent arbitrary amino acid sequences and Y represents an arbitrary substrate for immobilization.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
I claim:
1. A water purification apparatus comprising a source of pulsed ultraviolet light incident upon a flow path, the water purification apparatus including crystalline members disposed within the flow path, the ultraviolet light being incident upon the crystalline members and being redirected by the crystalline members.
2. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the crystalline members include diamonds.
3. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the crystalline members include quartz crystals.
4. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the crystalline members comprise particles of different sizes.
5. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein crystalline members having differing crystal structures are disposed within the flow path and subject to incident ultraviolet light.
6. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the pulsed source of ultraviolet light comprises a pulsed laser.
7. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the crystalline members are disposed within a vessel disposed within the flow path, the vessel including openings through which water can flow.
8. The water purification apparatus of claim 7 wherein the vessel includes openings through which water can enter and exit the vessel, the openings being smaller than the crystalline members.
9. The water purification apparatus of claim 8 wherein the vessel comprises a perforated cylinder insertable into and removable from the flow path.
10. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the flow path includes an inlet and an outlet disposed with the source of ultraviolet light being oriented to emit ultraviolet light transversely relative to the flow path extending between the inlet and outlet.
11. The water purification apparatus of claim 10 including a perforated vessel in which the crystalline members are disposed, the perforated vessel being positioned opposite the source of ultraviolet light between the inlet and the outlet.
12. The water purification apparatus of claim 11 wherein the source of ultraviolet light and the perforated vessel are mounted on opposite faces of a chamber including the inlet and the outlet.
13. The water purification apparatus of claim 1 wherein the crystalline members comprise means for accumulating energy when subjected to ultraviolet light and for emitting energy pulses having a greater intensity than incident ultraviolet light.
14. A water purification apparatus comprising a source of ultraviolet light incident upon water traversing the water purification apparatus and a plurality of crystals, having different crystalline structures, disposed within the water as the water passes through the incident ultraviolet light, the crystals being excited by the incident ultraviolet light to emit light into the water, the incident ultraviolet light and the light emitted by the crystals comprising means for destroying microorganisms in the water.
15. The water purification apparatus of claim 14 wherein the crystals are of different sizes.
16. The water purification apparatus of claim 15 wherein the different size crystals disperse emitted light in random directions dependent upon the orientation of individual crystals so that microorganisms in the water are exposed to light in different directions.
17. The water purification apparatus of claim 15 wherein the different size crystals intermittently emit energy of differing amplitudes when subjected to ultraviolet light to destroy different types of microorganisms.
18. A water purification system including filtering means for removing particulate contamination from a stream of water flowing through the water purification system and a source of ultraviolet light incident upon the stream of water, the source of ultraviolet light also being incident upon particles located within and constrained relative to the stream of water and comprising means for dispersing incident light according to the orientation of the particles so that the light and the particles upon which the light is incident comprise means of destroying organic contaminants in water subjected to the water purification system.
19. The water purification system of claim 18 further comprising noble metal members disposed within and constrained relative to the stream of water to further purify the water introduced into the water purification system.
20. The water purification system of claim 18 wherein the source of ultraviolet light comprises a source of ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 200-300 nm.