What is claimed is:
1. A carbonylation catalyst system, comprising
an effective amount of a Group VIII B metal source;
an effective amount of a bromide composition;
an effective amount of an activating organic solvent;
an effective amount of a combination of inorganic co-catalysts comprising a lead source and a copper source; and
an effective amount of a base.
2. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the Group VIII B metal source is a palladium source.
3. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 2, wherein the palladium source is a Pd(II) salt or complex.
4. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 3, wherein the palladium source is palladium acetylacetonate.
5. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 2, wherein the palladium source is palladium metal supported on an inorganic or organic support.
6. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 5, wherein the palladium source is palladium on carbon.
7. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the bromide composition is an alkaline metal bromide salt.
8. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the activating organic solvent is a polyether.
9. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the activating organic solvent is a nitrile.
10. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the activating organic solvent is a carboxylic acid amide.
11. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 1, wherein the activating organic solvent is a sulfone.
12. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of lead relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 150.
13. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 2, wherein the molar ratio of copper relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 15.
14. A carbonylation catalyst system, comprising
an effective amount of a Group VIII B metal source;
an effective amount of a bromide composition;
an effective amount of a polyether;
an effective amount of a combination of inorganic co-catalysts comprising a lead source and a copper source; and
an effective amount of a base.
15. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 14, wherein the Group VIII B metal source is a palladium source.
16. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 15, wherein the palladium source is a Pd(II) salt or complex.
17. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 16, wherein the palladium source is palladium acetylacetonate.
18. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 14, wherein the bromide composition is an alkaline metal bromide salt.
19. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 15, wherein the molar ratio of lead relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 150.
20. The carbonylation catalyst system of claim 15, wherein the molar ratio of copper relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 15.
21. A carbonylation catalyst system, comprising
an effective amount of a palladium source;
an effective amount of an alkaline metal bromide salt;
an effective amount of tetraglyme;
an effective amount of a combination of inorganic co-catalysts comprising a lead source and a copper source; and
an effective amount of a base.
22. A method of carbonylating aromatic hydroxy compounds, said method comprising the step of:
contacting at least one aromatic hydroxy compound with oxygen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst system comprising an effective amount of a Group VIII B metal source; an effective amount of a bromide composition; an effective amount of an activating organic solvent; an effective amount of a combination of inorganic co-catalysts comprising a lead source and a copper source; and an effective amount of a base.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the Group VIII B metal source is a palladium source.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the palladium source is a Pd(II) salt or complex.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the palladium source is palladium acetylacetonate.
26. The method of claim 23, wherein the palladium source is supported Pd.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the palladium source is palladium on carbon.
28. The method of claim 22, wherein the bromide composition is an alkaline metal bromide salt.
29. The method of claim 22, wherein the activating organic solvent is a polyether.
30. The method of claim 22, wherein the activating organic solvent is a nitrile.
31. The method of claim 22, wherein the activating organic solvent is a carboxylic acid amide.
32. The method of claim 22, wherein the activating organic solvent is a sulfone.
33. The method of claim 23, wherein the molar ratio of lead relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 150.
34. The method of claim 22, wherein the aromatic hydroxy compound is phenol.
35. The method of claim 23, wherein the molar ratio of copper relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 15.
36. A method of carbonylating aromatic hydroxy compounds, said method comprising the step of:
contacting at least one aromatic hydroxy compound with oxygen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst system comprising an effective amount of a Group VIII B metal source; an effective amount of a bromide composition; an effective amount of a polyether; an effective amount of a combination of inorganic co-catalysts comprising a lead source and a copper source; and an effective amount of a base.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the Group VIII B metal source is a palladium source.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the palladium source is a Pd(II) salt or complex.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the palladium source is palladium acetylacetonate.
40. The method of claim 36, wherein the bromide composition is an alkaline metal bromide salt.
41. The method of claim 37, wherein the molar ratio of lead relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 150.
42. The method of claim 36, wherein the aromatic hydroxy compound is phenol.
43. The method of claim 37, wherein the molar ratio of copper relative to palladium is between about 0.1 and about 15.
44. A method of carbonylating aromatic hydroxy compounds, said method comprising the step of:
contacting at least one aromatic hydroxy compound with oxygen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst system comprising an effective amount of a palladium source; an effective amount of an alkaline metal bromide salt; an effective amount of tetraglyme; an effective amount of a combination of inorganic co-catalysts comprising a lead source and a copper source; and an effective amount of a base.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A metal bellows hydraulic accumulator comprising:
a pressure vessel defining a pressure space;
a bellows unit having a bellows portion formed of metal, the bellows unit being disposed within the pressure space and sectioning the pressure space into a gas chamber filled with a pressurized gas, and a liquid chamber communicating with a liquid passage formed in the pressure vessel;
a partition member for sectioning the liquid chamber into a first liquid chamber to which the bellows portion of the bellows unit is exposed, and a second liquid chamber to which the liquid passage is opened;
an open-close valve which establishes communication between the first liquid chamber and the second liquid chamber when opened, and breaks the communication between the first liquid chamber and the second liquid chamber when closed, to thereby restrict the amount of contraction of the bellows portion of the bellows unit;
separation means, provided in the second liquid chamber, for separating foreign matter contained in operating liquid flowing toward the liquid passage; and
a foreign-matter storing section provided in the second liquid chamber, the foreign-matter storing section having an open upper end and a closed bottom portion, and being capable of storing the foreign matter.
2. A metal bellows hydraulic accumulator according to claim 1, wherein the liquid passage includes an inflow passage for allowing operating liquid to flow from the outside of the pressure vessel to the second liquid chamber, and an outflow passage for allowing operating liquid to flow from the second liquid chamber to the outside of the pressure vessel; and a filter serving as the separation means is provided at a second-liquid-chamber-side end of the outflow passage in order to separate the foreign matter and prevent the foreign matter from flowing to the outside.
3. A metal bellows hydraulic accumulator according to claim 2, wherein the outflow passage is formed coaxially with the inflow passage to surround the inflow passage; the foreign-matter storing section is formed around a cylindrical wall which forms the outflow passage; and the filter assumes a taper shape so as to cause the foreign matter to fall down, along an outer circumferential surface of the filter, toward the foreign-matter storing section.
4. A metal bellows hydraulic accumulator according to claim 2, wherein the inflow passage is formed coaxially with the outflow passage to surround the outflow passage; the foreign-matter storing section is formed around a cylindrical wall which forms the inflow passage; and the cylindrical wall assumes a taper shape so as to cause foreign matter to fall down, along an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical wall, toward the foreign-matter storing section.