1. A data readwrite device comprising:
a recording layer; and
means for applying a voltage to the recording layer, generating a resistance change in the recording layer, and recording data,
wherein the recording layer is composed of:
AxMyX4
where A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Si, P, S, Se, Ge, Ag, Au, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pt, Pd, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi;
M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, Ti, Ge, Sn, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ru, and Rh; and
A and M are elements that are different from each other, X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of O and N, and molar ratios x and y satisfy 0.1\u2266x\u22662.2, and 1.8\u2266y\u22662, respectively.
2. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, wherein the means includes a head which locally applies the voltage to the recording layer.
3. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, wherein the means includes a word line and a bit line which sandwich the recording layer therebetween.
4. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, wherein the means includes an MIS transistor, and the recording layer is arranged between a gate electrode and a gate insulation layer of the MIS transistor.
5. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, wherein the means includes a semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type, two diffusion layers of a second conductivity type provided in the semiconductor substrate, a semiconductor layer on the semiconductor substrate which is provided in an area between the two diffusion layers, and a gate electrode which controls a connecting or a disconnecting between the two diffusion layers, wherein the recording layer is provided between the gate electrode and the semiconductor layer.
6. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a diode which is added to the recording layer.
7. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a heater layer which is added to the recording layer and heats the recording layer.
8. The data readwrite device according to claim 1, further comprising:
an electrode layer arranged on one face of the recording layer; and
a protective later arranged on the other face of the recording layer.
9. The data readwrite device according to claim 8, wherein the protective layer has a function of preventing the recording layer from reacting with an atmospheric air.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An LED lighting apparatus comprising
a control module having a push-pull circuit for generating a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal,
an LED lighting module which is connected to the control module via a signal transmission path, which comprises two lines and is intended to transmit the PWM signal to a signal converter accommodated in the LED lighting module, and to a current source, the brightness of at least one LED being controlled using the signal converter on the basis of the PWM signal received thereby, the LED lighting module also containing a device for generating a detector current having a predefined level, and
a measuring circuit for measuring the instantaneous level of the detector current being connected in the control module in such a manner that, during the switched-off times of the PWM signal, the measuring circuit is connected to the LED lighting module via the signal transmission path such that the instantaneous level of the detector current can be measured using the measuring circuit and a functional state of the LED lighting module can be determined therefrom.
2. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a duty cycle of the PWM signal is limited to a maximum value of less than 100%, with the result that the PWM signal always has switched-off times.
3. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the maximum value is in the range of 90 to 99%.
4. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the maximum value is in the range of 95 to 98%.
5. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the signal converter is set in such a manner that the LED is supplied with a predefined maximum current when the maximum value of the PWM signal is applied.
6. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the detector current is recorded using the measuring circuit across a measuring resistor.
7. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the measuring circuit comprises a comparator and a sample-and-hold element for evaluating the detector current.
8. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the device for generating the detector current comprises a further current source for generating a constant current.
9. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predefined level of the detector current is selected on the basis of a type of the LED contained in the LED lighting module.
10. The LED lighting apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an overcurrent diode is connected in parallel with the measuring circuit.