What is claimed is:
1. A reflective liquid crystal display device, comprising:
liquid crystal provided in a gap between first and second substrates disposed facing each other; and
electrodes for driving the liquid crystal for each pixel, which is provided on each of the first and second substrates at the side opposing the liquid crystal,
wherein, of said electrodes, an electrode formed on said first substrate is a reflective display electrode composed of a conductive reflective material,
said reflective display electrode includes, for each pixel, a concave portion depressed toward said first substrate on a surface opposing the liquid crystal, and
said concave portion includes a base portion and a slope portion inclined toward said base portion.
2. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein said reflective display electrode is formed on an insulating film having a portion concave toward said first substrate.
3. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein said first or second substrate is provided with a light diffuser.
4. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to 3, wherein the extent of diffusion of said light diffuser has a haze value of between 19 and 70%.
5. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the angle of elevation of said slope portion with respect to said base portion is greater than 0 and 8 or less.
6. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein said first or second substrate is provided with a light diffuser whose extent of diffusion has a haze value of between 19 and 70%, and
the angle of elevation of said slope portion with respect to said base portion is greater than 0 and 8 or less.
7. A reflective liquid crystal display device, comprising:
liquid crystal provided in a gap between first and second substrates disposed facing each other; and
electrodes for driving the liquid crystal for each pixel, which is provided on each of the first and second substrates at the side opposing the liquid crystal,
wherein, of said electrodes, an electrode formed on said first substrate is a reflective display electrode composed of a conductive reflective material,
said reflective display electrode is formed on an insulating film having a portion concave toward said first substrate, over a switching element formed for each pixel,
said reflective display electrode includes, for each pixel, a concave portion depressed from the surface opposing the liquid crystal toward said first substrate, and
said concave portion includes a base portion and a slope portion inclined toward said base portion.
8. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, wherein said first or second substrate is provided with a light diffuser.
9. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to 8, wherein the extent of diffusion of said light diffuser has a haze value of between 19 and 70%.
10. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 7, wherein the angle of elevation of said slope portion with respect to said base portion is between 0 and 8.
11. A reflective liquid crystal display device according to claim 7,
wherein said first or second substrate is provided with a light diffuser whose extent of diffusion has a haze value of between 19 and 70%, and
the angle of elevation of said slope portion with respect to said base portion is greater than 0 and 8 or less.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of initializing the position and direction of a mining vehicle when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine, the mining vehicle comprising a movable carrier and a control system, and wherein the control system is arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route; and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven, the method comprising:
scanning the environment of the mining vehicle and determining scanned points on the basis of obstacles detected by the scanning;
determining a search range including at least part of the route points of the preplanned route of the mining vehicle;
selecting each route point within the search range at a time as the position of the mining vehicle;
calculating coordinates for the scanned points of the scanning by using each route point within the search range and at least one direction;
comparing the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the coordinates of the points in the environmental model;
and selecting such a route point and direction as the initial values of the vehicle, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points best match the coordinates of the points in the environmental model, and the position of the selected route point and the selected direction are used as the initial values when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising
estimating the position of the vehicle when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine,
and outlining the search range based on the position, the search range comprising only part of the route points specifying the route driven.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising
estimating the position of the vehicle when starting the drive the vehicle in the mine,
outlining the search range based on the position, the search range comprising only part of the route points specifying the route driven,
and outlining the search range manually by an operator.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1, comprising
giving the control system at least two points specifying the assumed route,
generating the assumed route in the control system based on the position of the points given,
and performing the initialization based on the assumed route and the environmental model.
5. A method of initializing the position and direction of a mining vehicle, the mining vehicle comprising a movable carrier and a control system, and wherein the control system is arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route: and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven, the method comprising:
scanning the environment of the mining vehicle and determining scanned points on the basis of obstacles detected by the scanning;
determining a search range including at least part of the route points of the preplanned route of the mining vehicle;
selecting each route point within the search range at a time as the position of the mining vehicle;
calculating coordinates for the scanned points of the scanning by using each route point within the search range and at least one direction;
selecting the direction of the route at the route point observed as the direction,
changing the direction in steps by a predetermined tolerance for each route point observed relative to a direction of the route specified by the route point,
calculating the coordinates of the scanned points for each direction,
and comparing, based on each direction, the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the environmental model;
selecting such a route point and direction as the initial values of the vehicle, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points best match the coordinates of the points in the environmental model, and the position of the selected route point and the selected direction are used as the initial values when starting to drive the vehicle in the mines.
6. A method of initializing the position and direction of a mining vehicle, the mining vehicle comprising a movable carrier and a control system, and wherein the control system is arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route; and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven, the method comprising:
scanning the environment of the mining vehicle and determining scanned points on the basis of obstacles detected by the scanning;
determining a search range including at least part of the route points of the preplanned route of the mining vehicle;
selecting each route point within the search range at a time as the position of the mining vehicle;
calculating coordinates for the scanned points of the scanning by using each route point within the search range and at least one direction;
performing a plurality of scannings,
determining a median for each direction of the scanning based on the scannings,
and using the median determined for each direction in the determination of the scanned points;
comparing the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the coordinates of the points in the environmental model;
selecting such a route point and direction as the initial values of the vehicle, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points best match the coordinates of the points in the environmental model, and the position of the selected route point and the selected direction are used as the initial values when starting to drive the vehicle in the mines.
7. A method of initializing the position and direction of a mining vehicle, the mining vehicle comprising a movable carrier and a control system, and wherein the control system is arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route; and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven, the method comprising:
scanning the environment of the mining vehicle and determining scanned points on the basis of obstacles detected by the scanning;
determining a search range including at least part of the route points of the preplanned route of the mining vehicle;
selecting each route point within the search range at a time as the position of the mining vehicle;
calculating coordinates for the scanned points of the scanning by using each route point within the search range and at least one direction;
comparing the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the coordinates of the points in the environmental model;
determining a correlation coefficient based on a comparison of the compatibility of the coordinates of each scanned point and the environmental model,
and selecting the initial values by comparing the generated correlation coefficients with each other;
selecting such a route point and direction as the initial values of the vehicle, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points best match the coordinates of the points in the environmental model, and the position of the selected route point and the selected direction are used as the initial values when starting to drive the vehicle in the mines.
8. A mining vehicle, comprising:
a movable carrier;
a control system including at least one control unit arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route; and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven;
at least one scanner for detecting obstacles in the environment of the vehicle;
the control system is arranged to determine scanned points on the basis of the results of the scanning,
and wherein
the control system is arranged to calculated coordinates for the scanned points by using the position of the route points within a predetermined search range and at least one direction;
the control system is arranged to compared the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the coordinates of the points in the environmental model;
and the control system is arranged to select such a route point and direction as the initial values of the vehicle when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points best match the coordinates of the points in the environmental model.
9. A method of initializing the position and direction of a mining vehicle when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine,
the mining vehicle comprising a movable carrier and a control system, and wherein the control system is arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route; and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven, said method comprising:
scanning the environment of the mine vehicle, and determining scanned points on the basis of obstacles detected by the scanning;
the method further comprising
selecting one route point as the initial point of the search;
selecting a plurality of other route points for observation starting from the initial point;
calculating coordinates for the scanned points of the scanning by using the selected route points and at least one direction;
comparing the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the coordinates of the points in the environmental model;
and selecting such a route point and direction as the initial value of the vehicle, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points fulfill a predetermined criterion, and the position of the selected route point and the selected direction are used as the initial values when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9, comprising delimiting the number of route points to be observed.
11. A mining vehicle, comprising:
a movable carrier;
a control system including at least one control unit arranged to read an electronic environmental model including data on coordinates of an environment delimiting a route; and a preplanned route including at least the coordinates of route points of the route to be driven;
at least one scanner for detecting obstacles in the environment of the vehicle;
the control system is arranged to determine scanned points on the basis of the results of the scanning, and wherein
the control system is arranged to calculate the coordinates of the scanned points by using one selected route point and at least one direction as the initial point;
the control system is arranged to calculated coordinates of the scanned points by using a plurality of route points starting from the initial point;
the control system is arranged to compare the calculated coordinates of the scanned points with the environmental model;
and the control system is arranged to select such a route point and direction as the initial values of the vehicle when starting to drive the vehicle in the mine, by which the calculated coordinates of the scanned points fulfill a predetermined criterion.