1. A cartilage treatment kit comprising:
cadaveric, allogenic human juvenile cartilage particles including viable chondrocytes;
a biocompatible storage solution; and
a sealed, sterile container in which the cartilage particles and storage solution are disposed.
2. The kit of claim 1, wherein the container is positioned within a sealed, sterile pouch having a hollow interior.
3. The kit of claim 1, wherein the container comprises:
a tray having a lip surrounding a receptacle; and
a removable cover attached to the lip of the tray for sealing the receptacle.
4. The kit of claim 1, wherein the storage solution comprises at least one preservative.
5. The kit of claim 4, wherein the preservative comprises a buffer, an amino acid, a sugar, a salt, a mineral or combinations thereof.
6. The kit of claim 1, wherein the juvenile cartilage particles are from cadaveric juvenile donors less than fifteen years of age.
7. The kit of claim 6, wherein the juvenile cartilage particles are from cadaveric juvenile donors less than two years of age.
8. The kit of claim 6, wherein the juvenile cartilage particles are from cadaveric juvenile donors from about 20 weeks to about 13 years of age.
9. The kit of any one of claims 1, 4 or 6, wherein the kit comprises juvenile cartilage particles having a dimension from about one to about three millimeters.
10. The kit of claim 6, wherein the juvenile cartilage particles are from a cartilage site scored in a grid pattern.
11. The kit of claim 10, wherein the grid pattern is a square grid pattern.
12. The kit of any one of claims 1, 4 or 6, wherein the kit comprises juvenile cartilage particles range in size from about 1 to about 27 mm3.
13. The kit of any one of claims 1, 4 or 6, wherein the juvenile cartilage particles comprise at least 1\xd7106 chondrocytes.
14. The kit of any one of claims 1, 4 or 6, comprising at least 60 mg of juvenile cartilage particles.
15. The kit of any one of claims 1, 4 or 6, wherein the cartilage particles comprise articular cartilage.
16. The kit of claim 15, wherein the articular cartilage is harvested from a femoral condyle a tibial plateau or an interior surface of a patella.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An internal combustion engine, comprising: a compression chamber of variable volume for compressing air taken into the engine, a combustion chamber for receiving compressed air from the compression chamber, means for introducing fuel into the combustion chamber to mix with air from the compression chamber and form a mixture which burns and expands, an expansion chamber having an output member which is driven by expanding gas from the combustion chamber, means for maintaining the temperature within the combustion chamber at a substantially constant level throughout the operating range of the engine, and means for controlling the amount of air passing through the engine to determine the power produced by the engine.
2. The engine of claim 1 including means for maintaining the temperature in the combustion chamber at a temperature between 1400\xb0 K. and 1800\xb0 K.
3. The engine of claim 1 including means for maintaining the temperature in the combustion chamber at a temperature between 1400\xb0 K. and 2000\xb0 K.
4. The engine of claim 1 including means for monitoring pressure in the combustion chamber and adjusting the flow of expanding gas from the combustion chamber to the expansion chamber to maintain the pressure in the combustion chamber at a substantially constant level.
5. The engine of claim 1 including means for boosting the pressure of the air to a level above atmospheric pressure before the air is taken into the engine.
6. The engine of claim 1 including means for controlling exhaust from the engine such that the exhaust is discharged at or near atmospheric pressure.
7. The engine of claim 1 wherein the compression chamber and the expansion chamber are cylinders with reciprocating pistons connected together by a crankshaft.
8. A method of operating an internal combustion engine, the steps of: introducing air into a compression chamber, compressing air in the compression chamber, delivering compressed air from the compression chamber to a combustion chamber, introducing fuel into the combustion chamber to mix with the air from the compression chamber and form a mixture which burns and expands, expanding gas from the combustion chamber in an expansion expansion chamber having an output member which is driven by expanding gas, maintaining the temperature within the combustion chamber at a substantially constant level throughout the operating range of the engine, and controlling the amount of air passing through the engine to determine the power produced by the engine.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the temperature in the combustion chamber is maintained at a substantially constant temperature between 1400\xb0 K. and 1800\xb0 K.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the temperature in the combustion chamber is maintained at a substantially constant temperature between 1400\xb0 K. and 2000\xb0 K.
11. The method of claim 8 including the steps of monitoring pressure in the combustion chamber and adjusting the flow of expanding gas from the combustion chamber to the expansion chamber to maintain the pressure in the combustion chamber at a substantially constant level.
12. The method of claim 8 including the step of boosting the pressure of the air to a level above atmospheric pressure before the air is introduced into the compression chamber.
13. The method of claim 8 wherein exhaust is discharged from the expansion chamber at or near atmospheric pressure.
14. The method of claim 8 wherein the expanding gas drives a reciprocating piston in the expansion chamber.
15. An internal combustion engine, comprising: compression and expansion chambers of variable volume, a combustion chamber, an intake valve for controlling air intake to the compression chamber, an outlet valve for controlling air flow from the compression chamber to the combustion chamber, an inlet valve for controlling communication between the combustion chamber and the expansion chamber, an exhaust valve for controlling exhaust flow from the expansion chamber, means for introducing fuel into the combustion chamber to mix with air from the compression chamber and form a mixture which burns and expands, means for controlling operation of the intake valve to control the amount of air passing through the engine and, hence, the amount of power produced by the engine, means for monitoring temperature in the combustion chamber, and means responsive to the temperature in the combustion chamber for controlling the amount of fuel introduced into the combustion chamber and burned with the air to maintain the temperature in the combustion chamber at a substantially constant level throughout the operating range of the engine.
16. The engine of claim 15 including means for monitoring pressure in the combustion chamber and controlling the inlet valve to maintain a desired level of pressure in the combustion chamber.
17. The engine of claim 15 including means for increasing the power produced by the engine by opening the intake valve for a longer period of time to allow more air to be taken into the compression chamber, and means for injecting more fuel into the combustion chamber to maintain the temperature of the burning gas at the substantially constant level even though more air is taken into the compression chamber and delivered to the combustion chamber.
18. The engine of claim 15 including means for boosting the pressure of air supplied to the compression chamber to a level above atmospheric pressure.
19. The engine of claim 15 including means for advancing the opening of the outlet valve to maintain a desired compression ratio in the compression chamber when more air is taken into the compression chamber.
20. The engine of claim 15 including means for delaying the closing of the inlet valve to allow additional gas to pass from the combustion chamber to the expansion chamber.
21. The engine of claim 15 including means for controlling the opening of the exhaust valve to allow pressure in the expansion chamber to reach a level at or near atmospheric pressure before the exhaust valve opens.
22. The engine of claim 15 wherein the compression chamber and the expansion chamber are cylinders with reciprocating pistons connected together by a crankshaft.
23. A method of operating an internal combustion engine having compression and expansion chambers of variable volume, a combustion chamber, an intake valve for controlling air intake to the compression chamber, an outlet valve for controlling air flow from the compression chamber to the combustion chamber, an inlet valve for controlling communication between the combustion chamber and the expansion chamber, and an exhaust valve for controlling exhaust flow from the expansion chamber, the steps of: introducing air into the compression chamber, compressing air in the compression chamber, delivering compressed air from the compression chamber to the combustion chamber, introducing fuel into the combustion chamber to mix with air from the compression chamber and form a mixture which burns and expands, controlling the amount of air passing through the engine and the amount of power produced by the engine by operation of the intake valve, monitoring temperature in the combustion chamber, and controlling the amount of fuel introduced into the combustion chamber and burned with the air to maintain the temperature in the combustion chamber at a substantially constant level throughout the operating range of the engine.
24. The method of claim 23 including the steps of monitoring pressure in the combustion chamber and controlling the outlet and inlet valves to maintain a desired level of pressure in the combustion chamber.
25. The method of claim 23 wherein the power produced by the engine is increased by opening the intake valve for a longer period of time to allow more air to be taken into the compression chamber, and injecting more fuel into the combustion chamber to maintain the temperature of the burning gas at the substantially constant level even though more air is taken into the compression chamber and delivered to the combustion chamber.
26. The method of claim 23 including the step of boosting the pressure of the air to a level above atmospheric pressure before the air is introduced into the compression chamber.
27. The method of claim 23 including the step of advancing the opening of the outlet valve to maintain a desired compression ratio in the compression chamber when more air is taken into the compression chamber.
28. The method of claim 23 including the step of delaying the closing of the inlet valve to allow additional gas to pass from the combustion chamber to the expansion chamber.
29. The method of claim 23 including the step of delaying the opening of the exhaust valve to allow pressure in the expansion chamber to reach a level at or near atmospheric pressure before the exhaust valve opens.