1. A doped lithium titanium spinel according to formula I
Li4\u2212yK\u2032yTi5\u2212zK\u2033zO12\u2212xAx\u2003\u2003(I)
wherein
A is at least one anion selected from the group consisting of I, N, Br, Cl, and F,
K\u2032, K\u2033 are each at least one cation selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Cd, Se, Te, S, Sb, As, P, Pb, Bi, Hg, Si, and C.
and 0<x\u22660.4 and 0\u2266y, z\u22660.4;
0<y\u22660.4 and 0\u2266x, z\u22660.4;
0<z\u22660.4 and 0\u2266x, y\u22660.4;
and with the proviso when A=Br, and y and z=0 then x>0.3 and K\u2032 is not K when z and x are 0.
2. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 1, wherein K\u2032, K\u2033 are each at least one cation selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Cd, S, Sb, As, P, Te, Se, and C.
3. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 2, wherein K\u2033 is at least one cation selected from the group consisting of S, Sb, As, and P, and y and x=0 and 0<z<0.4.
4. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 3, wherein K\u2033 is Sb, As or P, and y and x=0 and 0<z<0.4.
5. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 3, wherein 0.01\u2266z\u22660.3.
6. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 4, wherein K\u2033 is Sb or As.
7. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 1, which is additionally doped with a further metal or transition metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cr, Mn, Zn, Al, Ga, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Au, Ag, and Cu.
8. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 1, which particles are coated with a carbon-containing layer.
9. An electrode comprising a layer containing the doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 1.
10. The electrode according to claim 9, wherein the concentration of the doping agent in the lithium titanium spinel forms a gradient over the thickness of the layer.
11. The electrode according to claim 9, further comprising a layer of undoped lithium titanium spinel Li4Ti5O12.
12. A secondary non-aqueous electrolyte battery with an electrode according to one of claim 9.
13. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 4, wherein 0.01\u2266z\u22660.3.
14. The doped lithium titanium spinel according to claim 5, wherein K\u2033 is Sb or As.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A trunk piston marine engine lubricating oil composition for improving asphaltene handling in use thereof, in operation of the engine when fuelled by a heavy fuel oil, which composition comprises or is made by admixing an oil of lubricating viscosity, in a major amount, containing 50 mass % or more of a Group II basestock, and, in respective minor amounts:
(A) an overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent other than such a detergent having a basicity index of less than two and a degree of carbonation of 80% or greater, where degree of carbonation is the percentage of carbonate present in the overbased metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate detergent expressed as a mole percentage relative to the total excess base in the detergent; and
(B) 5 to 500 mass % active ingredient, based on the active ingredient mass of (A) of an oil-soluble alkyl-substituted phenol other than a hindered phenol.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein (A) has
(A1) a basicity index of two or greater and a degree of carbonation of 80% or greater; or
(A2) a basicity index of two or greater and a degree of carbonation of less than 80%; or
(A3) a basicity index of less than two and a degree of carbonation of less than 80%.
3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the alkyl substituent in (B) is a single alkyl group having 9 to 30 carbon atoms.
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein (B) is an alkylbenzenol.
5. The composition as claimed in claim 4 wherein alkyl-substitution in the alkylbenzenol is in the 2-position or in the 4-position.
6. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein (B) is an alkylnaphthol.
7. The composition as claimed in claim 6 wherein alkyl-substitution in the alkylnaphthol is in the 1-position or in the 2-position.
8. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein (B) is a methylene-bridged alkylphenol.
9. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein (B) is provided in (A) during the overbasing step in the manufacture of (A).
10. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein (B) is blended separately with (A).
11. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the metal in (A) is calcium.
12. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate in (A) is a salicylate.
13. The composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity contains more than 60 mass % of a Group II basestock.
14. The composition as claimed in claim 1 having a TBN of 20 to 60.
15. (canceled)
16. A method of operating a trunk piston medium-speed compression-ignited marine engine comprising
(i) fueling the engine with a heavy fuel oil; and
(ii) lubricating the crankcase of the engine with a composition as defined in claim 1.
17. A method of dispersing asphaltenes in a trunk piston marine lubricating oil composition during its lubrication of surfaces of the combustion chamber of a medium-speed compression-ignited marine engine and operation of the engine, which method comprises
(i) providing a composition as defined in claim 1;
(ii) providing the composition in the combustion chamber;
(iii) providing heavy fuel oil in the combustion chamber; and
(iv) combusting the heavy fuel oil in the combustion chamber.