We claim:
1. A process for the preparation of an alcohol composition comprising at least one primary mono-alcohol, at least 60% by weight of which consists of linear primary mono-alcohols containing at least 7 carbon atoms, said process comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen under Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising cobalt;
(b) separating from the product of step (a) at least one hydrocarbon fraction comprising between 10 and 50% by weight of olefins containing 6 or more carbon atoms;
(c) contacting at least one of the hydrocarbon fractions obtained in step (b) with carbon monoxide and hydrogen under hydroformylation conditions in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst based on a source of cobalt and one or more alkyl phosphines thereby producing a hydroformylation product stream; and
(d) recovering the alcohol composition from the hydroformylation product stream.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein step (a) comprises reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen at a temperature in the range of from about 125 to about 350 C. and a pressure in the range from about 5 to about 150 bar abs. in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising cobalt on a carrier comprising titania.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the separation in step (b) involves a distillation treatment.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon fraction in step (c) is a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least 30% by weight of C11 and C12 n-alkanes and from 15 to 50% by weight of linear C11 and C12 mono-olefins.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon fraction in step (c) is a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least 30% by weight of C13 and C14 n-alkanes and from 10 to 45% by weight of linear C13 and C14 mono-olefins.
6. The process of claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon fraction in step (c) is a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least 30% by weight of C11 and C12 n-alkanes and from 15 to 50% by weight of linear C11 and C12 mono-olefins.
7. The process of claim 2 wherein the hydrocarbon fraction in step (c) is a hydrocarbon stream comprising at least 30% by weight of C13 and C14 n-alkanes and from 10 to 45% by weight of linear C13 and C14 mono-olefins.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
9. The process of claim 2 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
10. The process of claim 3 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
11. The process of claim 4 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
12. The process of claim 5 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
13. The process of claim 6 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
14. The process of claim 7 wherein the hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio in step (c) is in the range of from 1.0 to 5.0.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the hydroformylation catalyst used in step (c) is based on a source of cobalt and a substituted or unsubstituted monophosphabicycloalkane ligand.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein step (d) comprises the steps of a first distillative treatment, saponification, water washing treatment and a second distillative treatment.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein step (d) additionally comprises a hydrofinishing treatment.
18. The process of claim 2 wherein step (d) comprises the steps of a first distillative treatment, saponification, water washing treatment and a second distillative treatment.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein step (d) additionally comprises a hydrofinishing treatment.
20. An alcohol composition comprising
(a) 70 to 90% by weight of C12 and C13 linear primary mono-alcohols and
(b) 10 to 30% by weight of C12 and C13 iso-alcohols wherein the weight ratio C12 linear primary alcohol to C13 linear primary alcohol is in the range of from 0.5 to 2.0.
21. An alcohol composition comprising
(a) 55 to 80% by weight of C14 and C15 linear primary mono-alcohols and
(b) 20 to 45% by weight of C14 and C15 iso-alcohols wherein the weight ratio C14 linear primary alcohol to C15 linear primary alcohol is in the range of from 1.0 to 3.0.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A developing device comprising:
a case having a developing opening disposed opposed to a developing area;
a cylindrical-shaped developer carry member that is disposed at the developing opening of the case, a part of the developer carry member being exposed, the developer carry member rotating with holding and carrying a developer containing toner and magnetic carriers;
a magnet member that is fixed within an internal space of the developer carry member and that has two or more magnetic poles including a developing magnetic pole and a developer peel-off magnetic pole, the magnetic poles being arranged along a rotation direction of the developer carry member;
a projection portion formed in a portion of the case that opposes the outer peripheral surface of the developer carry member, the portion of the case also including an area that extends from the developing magnetic pole of the magnet member in the rotation direction of the developer carry member up to the developer peel-off magnetic pole, the magnet member having a normal direction magnetic flux density of 20 mT or less in an area where the projection portion is formed;
a clearance formed between an opposed portion of the projection portion and the outer peripheral surface of the developer carry member, the clearance becoming narrowest in the portion of the case; and
a magnetic pole disposed firstly on a upstream side of the developer carry member relative to the area of the magnet member having the magnetic flux density of 20 mT or less, the magnetic pole providing a peak value in a peak value area,
wherein the projection portion is formed in an area other than the peak value area.
2. A developing device as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the projection portion is formed such that it exists only within a portion corresponding to the area having the magnetic flux density of 20 mT or less.
3. A developing device as set forth in claim 1,
wherein a portion of the case existing on a upstream side in the rotation direction of the developer carry member from the projection portion is formed such that a clearance between the portion of the case and the outer peripheral surface of the developer carry member increases as it approaches a portion of the case corresponding to a point where a normal direction magnetic flux of the magnetic pole disposed firstly on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the developer carry member from the area of the magnet member having the magnetic flux density of 20 mT or less provides a peak value.
4. A developing device as set forth in claim 1,
wherein a portion of the projection portion existing on the downstream side of the rotation direction of the developer carry member comprises a steep surface extending substantially parallel to a virtual line going outward in a diameter direction of the magnet member so as to be able to broaden a clearance between the projection portion and the outer peripheral surface of the developer carry member.
5. An image forming apparatus comprising:
an image hold member that forms a latent image thereon; and
a developing device that develops the latent image on the image hold member, wherein the developing device is a developing device as set forth in claim 1.