1. A method for non-invasive treatment and prevention of fascial conditions, comprising:
focusing an acoustic wave to a target site of one or more muscles within a patient’s body to treat compartment syndrome, the one or more muscles having fascia disposed therearound; and
applying the acoustic wave to the target site through a patient’s skin to fenestrate one or more cuts in a desired pattern in at least one location in the patient’s fascia.
2. The method of claim 1, further applying a medium to the patient’s skin adjacent to the target site.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising non-destructible heating of tissue adjacent to the target site.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising imaging the fascia using an imaging source that is integrated with the acoustic wave source.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the imaging source is an ultrasound source.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave is delivered to the target site at a frequency in the range of about 0.5 MHz to about 5 MHz.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave is delivered to the target site at a frequency in the range of about 1 MHz.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the acoustic wave source is focused to form a focal spot in the range of about 0.3 mm to about 3.0 mm.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting a peak power of the acoustic source in the range of about 10 W to about 100 W prior to fenestration of the fascia.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the frequency of the acoustic wave source is adjusted to the range of about 10 W to about 20 W prior to fenestration of the fascia.
11. A method for non-invasive treatment and prevention of compartment syndrome, comprising:
inducing cavitation into a target region of one or more muscles within a patient’s body, the one or more muscles having fascia disposed therearound, thus forming one or more cuts in the fascia using an acoustic treatment source to treat compartment syndrome
focusing the acoustic treatment source; and
adjusting a frequency of the acoustic treatment source such that the fascia is penetrated.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising imaging the target region using an imaging device that is integrated with the acoustic treatment source.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the imaging device is an ultrasound source.
14. The method of claim 11, further comprising moving the acoustic treatment source such that cuts or a pattern of fenestrations are formed on the target region.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of inducing cavitation further includes generating acoustic waves in the range of about 0.5 MHz to about 5 MHz.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of inducing cavitation further includes generating acoustic waves in the range of about 1 MHz.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein the treatment source is focused to form a focal spot on the target region in the range of about 0.3 mm to about 3.0 mm.
18. The method of claim 11, wherein the frequency a peak power of the treatment source is adjusted to the range of about 10 W to about 100 W.
19. The method of claim 11, wherein the frequency a peak power of the treatment source is adjusted to the range of about 10 W to about 20 W.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is an array of fenestrations.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is one or more substantially linear cuts.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is one or more curved cuts.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is a plurality of cuts and the plurality of cuts are staggered with respect to one another.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is an array of fenestrations.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is one or more substantially linear cuts.
26. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cuts is one or more curved cuts.
27. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more cuts is a plurality of cuts and the plurality of cuts are staggered with respect to one another.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for manufacturing a toner, the method comprising:
(a) dissolving or dispersing a toner material comprising a binder resin, a precursor of a binder resin, or both, in an organic solvent;
(b) dispersing a solution obtained in (a) in a first aqueous medium comprising a dispersant;
(c) forming particles by removing the organic solvent from a solution obtained in (b);
(d) washing the particles obtained in (c);
(e) forming voids in the particles obtained in (d) by heating the particles to a temperature T while or after dispersing the particles in a second aqueous medium;
(f) forming toner base particles by adding a charge controlling agent to a solution obtained in (e); and
(g) adding an external additive to the toner base particles to obtain toner particles,
wherein the temperature T in (e) is between a glass transition temperature Tg of the toner particles and Tg+25\xb0 C., and
wherein the toner has a cross-sectional void fraction SpSt of 0.1% to 15.0%, where St is a cross-sectional area of the toner particles, and Sp is a cross-sectional area of the voids.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional void fraction SpSt is 3.0% to 8.0%.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the temperature T is Tg+5\xb0 C. or greater, and Tg+10\xb0 C. or less.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature T is Tg+5\xb0 C. or greater, and Tg+10\xb0 C. or less.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein, (d) comprises in recited order:
washing the particles obtained in (c) with water;
dispersing the particles in water;
washing the particles while adjusting a pH to 3.0 to 6.0; and
filtering.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the binder resin comprises polyester.
7. The method of claim 1,
wherein the toner material comprises a precursor of a binder resin, and the precursor of a binder resin comprises a prepolymer having a functional group reactive with an active hydrogen group, and
wherein the prepolymer having a functional group reactive with an active hydrogen group is reacted with a compound having an active hydrogen group when the organic solvent is removed from the solution obtained in (b).
8. The method of claim 1, wherein a slurry adjusted to 25% by mass of a solid content by adding water to the particles obtained in (d) has an electrical conductivity of 400 \u03bcScm or less.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the binder resin has an acid value of 2 KOHmgg to 30 KOHmgg.
10. The method of claim 1, comprising (a) dissolving or dispersing a toner material comprising a binder resin in an organic solvent.
11. The method of claim 1, comprising (a) dissolving or dispersing a toner material comprising a precursor of a binder resin in an organic solvent.
12. The method of claim 1, comprising (a) dissolving or dispersing a toner material comprising both a binder resin and a precursor of a binder resin in an organic solvent.
13. A toner obtained by a method comprising:
(a) dissolving or dispersing a toner material comprising a binder resin, a precursor of a binder resin, or both, in an organic solvent;
(b) dispersing a solution obtained in (a) in a first aqueous medium comprising a dispersant;
(c) forming particles by removing the organic solvent from a solution obtained in (b);
(d) washing the particles obtained in (c);
(e) forming voids in the particles obtained in (d) by heating the particles to a temperature T while or after dispersing the particles in a second aqueous medium;
(f) forming toner base particles by adding a charge controlling agent to a solution obtained in (e); and
(g) adding an external additive to the toner base particles to obtain toner particles,
wherein the temperature T in (e) is between a glass transition temperature Tg of the toner particles and Tg+25\xb0 C., and
wherein the toner has a cross-sectional void fraction SpSt of 0.1% to 15.0%, where St is a cross-sectional area of the toner particles, and Sp is a cross-sectional area of the voids.
14. An image forming method, comprising:
forming an electrostatic latent image;
developing;
transferring; and
fixing,
wherein an electrostatic latent image formed on an electrostatic latent image bearing member is developed using a toner obtained by a method comprising:
(a) dissolving or dispersing a toner material comprising a binder resin, a precursor of a binder resin, or both, in an organic solvent;
(b) dispersing a solution obtained in (a) in a first aqueous medium comprising a dispersant;
(c) forming particles by removing the organic solvent from a solution obtained in (b);
(d) washing the particles obtained in (c);
(e) forming voids in the particles obtained in (d) by heating the particles to a temperature T while or after dispersing the particles in a second aqueous medium;
(f) forming toner base particles by adding a charge controlling agent to a solution obtained in (e); and
(g) adding an external additive to the toner base particles to obtain toner particles,
wherein the temperature T in (e) is between a glass transition temperature Tg of the toner particles and Tg+25\xb0 C., and
wherein the toner has a cross-sectional void fraction SpSt of 0.1% to 15.0%, where St is a cross-sectional area of the toner particles, and Sp is a cross-sectional area of the voids.