1. A method for generating an H.265 HEVC bitstream comprising:
parsing a previously encoded bitstream to extract picture frame information and decoding information;
for each picture frame of the picture frame information:
partitioning the picture frame into a plurality of coding tree units (CTUs);
determining further partitioning of each CTU of the plurality of CTUs based on the extracted decoding information;
determining a mode for each partition based on the decoding information; and
encoding each partition according to the determined mode; and
combining the encoded partitions into the H.265 HEVC bitstream.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of CTUs of the picture frame are processed using Wavefront Parallel Processing (WPP).
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the size of the CTUs is one of 32\xd732, 16\xd716 or 8\xd78.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the decoding information used in determining the mode for each partition comprises a mode of macroblocks (MB) in the previously encoded bitstream.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the mode is determined from one of:
Inter2N\xd72N;
InterN\xd72N;
Inter2N\xd7N;
Intra2N\xd71N;
Skip; and
Merge.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein
the Skip and Merge modes are always checked;
the Inter2N\xd72N mode is checked when there are more than 2 MBs using Inter16\xd716 mode;
the InterN\xd72N mode is checked when the left two MBs, or the right two MBs both use Inter16\xd716 mode;
the Inter2N\xd7N mode is checked when the upper two MBs or the lower two MBs both use Inter16\xd716 mode; and
the Intra2N\xd72N mode is checked when there exists more than 2 MBs using Intra modes.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a plurality of prediction directions to check for a partition based on a median of prediction directions of corresponding macroblocks determined from the decoding information.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a motion vector (MV) for 32\xd732 partitions based on a median of an HEVC MV predictor and MVs of macroblocks (MB) corresponding to the 32\xd732 partitions from the H.264 decoding information; and
determining the MV for smaller partitions having a corresponding MB according to the MV of the corresponding MB.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising partitioning CTUs by:
determining a stop predictor value (P);
stopping further partitioning when P is greater than a threshold value; and
further partitioning the CTU until a rate distortion (RD) value of the current partition is greater than alpha times an RD value of a partition at the previous division depth.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein:
P
=
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
+
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
+
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
3
;
(
1
)
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
=
w
–
400
20
+
(
QP
–
20
)
*
2
;
(
2
)
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
=
(
n
–
2
)
*
10
;
and
(
3
)
alpha
=
1
–
w
–
400
1000
(
4
)
where w is a video width between 400 to 1400;
QP is a quantization value between 20 and 40; and
n is a number of 16\xd716 mode blocks of four macroblocks (MBs) covered by a 32\xd732 CTU.
11. A computing system for generating an H.265 HEVC bitstream comprising:
a processor for executing instructions stored in memory; and
a memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor configure the computing system to:
parse a previously encoded bitstream to extract picture frame information and decoding information;
for each picture frame of the picture frame information:
partition the picture frame into a plurality of coding tree units (CTUs);
determine further partitioning of each CTU of the plurality of CTUs based on the extracted decoding information;
determine a mode for each partition based on the decoding information; and
encode each partition according to the determined mode; and
combine the encoded partitions into the H.265 HEVC bitstream.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the plurality of CTUs of the picture frame are processed using Wavefront Parallel Processing (WPP).
13. The system of claim 11, wherein the size of the CTUs is one of 32\xd732, 16\xd716 or 8\xd78.
14. The system of claim 11, wherein the H.264 decoding information used in determining the mode for each partition comprises a mode of macroblocks (MB) in the previously encoded bitstream.
15. The system of claim 11, wherein the mode is determined from one of:
Inter2N\xd72N;
InterN\xd72N;
Inter2N\xd7N;
Intra2N\xd71N;
Skip; and
Merge.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein
the Skip and Merge modes are always checked;
the Inter2N\xd72N mode is checked when there are more than 2 MBs using Inter16\xd716 mode;
the InterN\xd72N mode is checked when the left two MBs, or the right two MBs both use Inter16\xd716 mode;
the Inter2N\xd7N mode is checked when the upper two MBs or the lower two MBs both use Inter16\xd716 mode; and
the Intra2N\xd72N mode is checked when there exists more than 2 MBs using Intra modes.
17. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions when executed by the processor further configure the system to:
determine a plurality of prediction directions to check for a partition based on a median of prediction directions of corresponding macroblocks determined from the decoding information.
18. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions when executed by the processor further configure the system to:
determine a motion vector (MV) for 32\xd732 partitions based on a median of an HEVC MV predictor and MVs of macroblocks (MB) corresponding to the 32\xd732 partitions from the decoding information; and
determining the MV for smaller partitions having a corresponding MB according to the MV of the corresponding MB.
19. The system of claim 11, wherein the instructions when executed by the processor further configure the system to partition CTUs by:
determining a stop predictor value (P);
stopping further partitioning when P is greater than a threshold value; and
further partitioning the CTU until a rate distortion (RD) value of the current partition is greater than alpha times an RD value of a partition at the previous division depth.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein:
P
=
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
+
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
+
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
3
;
(
1
)
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
=
w
–
400
20
+
(
QP
–
20
)
*
2
;
(
2
)
P
\ue89e
\ue89e
2
=
(
n
–
2
)
*
10
;
and
(
3
)
alpha
=
1
–
w
–
400
1000
(
4
)
where w is a video width between 400 to 1400;
QP is a quantization value between 20 and 40; and
n is a number of 16\xd716 mode blocks of four macroblocks (MBs) covered by a 32\xd732 CTU.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-17. (canceled)
18. A method of preparing a Z-haloalkene ester having the structure:
wherein R is hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl, linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl; wherein R\u2032 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-hexyl, CO2Et,
CH2OH or (CH2)3\u2014OH; and wherein X is a halogen, which comprises
(a) oxidatively cleaving a compound having the structure:
under suitable conditions to form an aldehyde intermediate; and
(b) condensing the aldehyde intermediate with a halomethylene transfer agent under suitable conditions to form the Z-haloalkene ester.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein X is iodine.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the halomethylene transfer agent is Ph3P\u2550CR\u2032I or (Ph3P+CHR\u2032I)I\u2212.
21. A method of preparing an optically pure compound having the structure:
wherein R is hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl, linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises:
(a) condensing an allylic organometallic reagent with an unsaturated aldehyde having the structure:
under suitable conditions to form an alcohol, and, optionally concurrently therewith, optically resolving the alcohol to form an optically pure alcohol having the structure:
(b) alkylating or acylating the optically pure alcohol formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form the optically pure compound.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the allylic organometallic reagent is an allyl(trialkyl)stannane.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the condensing step is effected using a reagent comprising a titanium tetraalkoxide and an optically active catalyst.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the optically active catalyst is S(\u2212)BINOL.
25. A method of preparing an open-chain aldehyde having the structure:
wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises:
(a) cross-coupling a haloolefin having the structure:
wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl, trialkylsilyl, aryldialkylsilyl, diarylalkylsilyl, triarylsilyl, linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, and X is a halogen, with a terminal olefin having the structure:
wherein (OR\u2032\u2033)2 is (OR0)2, (SR0)2, \u2014(O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014O)\u2014, \u2014(O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014S)\u2014 or \u2014(S\u2014(CH2)n\u2014S)\u2014 where R0 is a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4, under suitable conditions to form a cross-coupled compound having the structure:
wherein Y is CH(OR*)2 where R* is a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl; and
(b) deprotecting the cross-coupled compound formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form the open-chain compound.
26. A method of preparing an epothilone having the structure:
which comprises:
(a) deprotecting a cyclized compound having the structure:
wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, under suitable conditions to form a deprotected cyclized compound and oxidizing the deprotected cyclized compound under suitable conditions to form a desoxyepothilone having the structure:
and
(b) epoxidizing the desoxyepothilone formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form the epothilone.
27. A method of preparing an epothilone precursor having the structure:
wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl; wherein X is O or a hydrogen and OR\u2033, each singly bonded to carbon; and wherein R0, R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises
(a) coupling a compound having the structure:
wherein R is an acetyl, with an aldehyde having the structure:
wherein Y is oxygen, under suitable conditions to form an aldol intermediate and optionally protecting the aldol intermediate under suitable conditions to form an acyclic epothilone precursor having the structure:
(b) subjecting the acylic epothilone precursor to conditions leading to intramolecular olefin metathesis to form the epothilone precursor.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the conditions leading to intramolecular olefin metathesis require the presence of an organometallic catalyst.
29. The method of claim 27 wherein the catalyst is a Ru or Mo complex.
30-33. (canceled)
34. A method of preparing a Z-iodalkene ester having the structure.
wherein R is hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl, linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises
(a) coupling a compound having the structure:
with a methyl ketone having the structure:
wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, under suitable conditions to form a compound having the structure:
(b) treating the compound formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form a Z-iodoalkene having the structure:
and
(c) deprotecting and acylating the Z-iodoalkene formed in step (b) under suitable conditions to form the Z-iodoalkene ester.
35. A method of preparing an open-chain aldehyde having the structure:
wherein R is linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl, trialkylsilyl, aryldialkylsilyl, diarylalkylsilyl, triarylsilyl, linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl; and wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises:
(a) cross-coupling a haloolefin having the structure:
wherein X is a halogen, with a terminal hydroborane having the structure:
wherein R*2B is a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl boranyl moiety; wherein Y is (OR0)2, (SR0)2, \u2014(O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014O)\u2014, \u2014(O\u2014(CH2)n\u2014S)\u2014 or \u2014(S\u2014(CH2)n\u2014S)\u2014 where R0 is a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl; and wherein n is 2, 3 or 4, under suitable conditions to form a cross-coupled compound having the structure:
and
(b) deprotecting the cross-coupled compound formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form the open-chain aldehyde.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein R is acetyl; R\u2032 is TBS; R\u2033 is TPS; R*2B is derived from 9-BBN; and Y is (OMe)2.
37. A method of preparing a protected epothilone having the structure:
wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkyl-arylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises:
(a) monoprotecting a cyclic diol having the structure:
under suitable conditions to form a cyclic alcohol having the structure:
and
(b) oxidizing the cyclic alcohol formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form the protected epothilone.
38. The method of claim 37 wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are TBS.
39. A method of preparing an epothilone having the structure:
which comprises:
(a) deprotecting a protected cyclic ketone having the structure:
wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are independently hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, under suitable conditions to form a desoxyepothilone having the structure:
and
(b) epoxidizing the desoxyepothilone formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form the epothilone.
40. The method of claim 39 wherein R\u2032 and R\u2033 are TBS.
41. A method of preparing a cyclic diol having the structure:
wherein R\u2032 is a hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl, which comprises:
(a) cyclizing an open-chain aldehyde having the structure:
wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl, trialkylsilyl, aryldialkylsilyl, diarylalkylsilyl, triarylsilyl, linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl; and wherein R\u2033 is a hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or benzyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, a linear or branched acyl, substituted or unsubstituted aroyl or benzoyl under suitable conditions to form an enantiomeric mixture of a protected cyclic alcohol having the structure:
said mixture comprising an \u03b1- and a \u03b2-alcohol component;
(b) optionally isolating and oxidizing the \u03b1-alcohol formed in step (a) under suitable conditions to form a ketone and thereafter reducing the ketone under suitable conditions to form an enantiomeric mixture of the protected cyclic alcohol comprising substantially the \u03b2-alcohol; and
(c) treating the protected cyclic alcohol formed in step (a) or (b) with a deprotecting agent under suitable conditions to form the cyclic diol.
42. The method of claim 41 wherein R\u2032 is TBS and R\u2033 is TPS.
43-58. (canceled)