1. A driver element having a rectangular shape, to be mounted on a display device containing a display portion, wherein bumps are arrayed along a side which is located close to the display portion when mounted, and the respective bumps are disposed so that the shortest distances between forward ends of the respective bumps and the side along the array, become larger gradually from the center outward in the array.
2. The driver element according to claim 1, wherein the respective bumps are disposed so that the degree of change in size of the shortest distance at each bump from the shortest distance at the bump adjacent thereto becomes larger gradually as the respective bumps depart from the center of the array.
3. The driver element according to claim 1, wherein the respective bumps are formed along a long side of the rectangular driver element, and the respective bumps are disposed so that the difference between the shortest distance at a bump at the center in the array and the shortest distance at a bump at the farthest end in the array, is at most \u2153 of the length of a short side of the rectangular driver element.
4. The driver element according to claim 1, wherein the forward end shape of each bump is arc-like.
5. A display device comprising a display portion and the driver element as defined in claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A frequency down-conversion receiver, comprising:
a low-noise amplifier configured to generate an amplified single-ended signal responsive to a single-ended receiver input signal;
a passive mixer configured to generate a mixer output signal responsive to a differential mixer input signal and a four-phase local oscillator signal;
a balun configured to transform the amplified singled-ended signal into the differential mixer input signal, the balun having a first winding coupled to an output of the low-noise amplifier and a second winding coupled to an input of the passive mixer, the second winding having more turns than the first winding; and
wherein a turn ratio of the second winding to the first winding is configured to provide gain compensation to the low-noise amplifier, and in conjunction with the low-noise amplifier and the passive mixer, to provide a desired gain to the receiver and linearity over a dynamic range of the receiver input signal.
2. The receiver of claim 1, further comprising a frequency tuning circuit coupled to the output of the low-noise amplifier, the frequency tuning circuit configured to adjust a tuning frequency range of the receiver.
3. The receiver of claim 2, wherein the frequency tuning circuit comprises at least one transistor coupled in series with one or more capacitive elements, the at least one transistor configured to switchably couple the corresponding one or more capacitive elements to the output of the low noise amplifier.
4. The receiver of claim 1, wherein the passive mixer comprises at least one complementary passive mixer.
5. The receiver of claim 4, wherein the at least one complementary passive mixer is configured to have an operating nonlinearity that compensates for low-noise amplifier nonlinearity.
6. The receiver of claim 5, wherein the second winding of the balun is configured to provide the differential mixer input signal to the at least one complementary passive mixer, the second winding biased with a voltage configured to, in conjunction with the differential mixer input signal, vary conducting resistance of the passive mixer to compensate for low-noise amplifier nonlinearity and improve linearity of the receiver.
7. The receiver of claim 6, wherein the bias voltage and the at least one complementary passive mixer are configured to increase the conducting resistance of the passive mixer responsive to the differential mixer input signal being at a weak level and decrease the conducting resistance of the passive mixer responsive to the differential mixer input signal being at a strong level.
8. The receiver of claim 6, wherein the bias voltage is tunable.
9. The receiver of claim 4, wherein the at least one complementary mixer comprises one or more sets of cascaded N-FET transistors and one or more sets of cascaded P-FET transistors.
10. The receiver of claim 9, wherein the bias voltage is selected to compensate for transistor mismatches between the N-FET and P-FET transistors.
11. The receiver of claim 1, further comprising a filter coupled to an output of the passive mixer, the filter configured to have a low input impedance for out-of-band signal frequencies.
12. The receiver of claim 11, wherein the receiver is configured to suppress signal interference caused by a transmitter associated with the receiver by transforming the input impedance of the filter to the output of the low-noise amplifier, the low input impedance of the filter for out-of-band frequencies configured to reduce output impedance of the low-noise amplifier for suppressing the signal interference at the output of the low-noise amplifier.
13. A wireless communication device including the receiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the receiver comprises one of a homodyne-based receiver, a heterodyne-based low intermediate frequency receiver or a high intermediate frequency receiver.
14. A method of frequency conversion in a receiver, comprising:
generating an amplified single-ended signal by a low-noise amplifier responsive to a single-ended receiver input signal;
generating a mixer output signal by a passive mixer responsive to a differential mixer input signal and a four-phase local oscillator signal;
coupling a first winding of a balun to an output of the low-noise amplifier and a second winding of the balun to an input of the passive mixer, the second winding having more turns than the first winding;
transforming the amplified singled-ended signal into the differential mixer input signal by the balun; and
wherein a turn ratio of the second winding to the first winding is configured to provide gain compensation to the low-noise amplifier, and in conjunction with the low-noise amplifier and the passive mixer, to provide a desired gain to the receiver and linearity over a dynamic range of the receiver input signal.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising adjusting a tuning frequency range of the receiver.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein adjusting a tuning frequency range of the receiver comprises switchably coupling one or more capacitive elements to the output of the low noise amplifier.
17. The method of claim 14, further comprising operating the passive mixer in a nonlinear region to compensate for low-noise amplifier nonlinearity.
18. The method of claim 14, further comprising varying a conducting resistance of the passive mixer to compensate for low-noise amplifier nonlinearity.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein varying a conducting resistance of the passive mixer comprises:
increasing the conducting resistance of the passive mixer responsive to the differential mixer input signal being at a weak level; and
decreasing the conducting resistance of the passive mixer responsive to the differential mixer input signal being at a strong level.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein varying a conducting resistance of the passive mixer comprises biasing the second winding with a voltage configured to, in conjunction with the differential mixer input signal, vary the conducting resistance of the passive mixer to compensate for low-noise amplifier nonlinearity and improve linearity of the receiver.
21. The method of claim 20, further comprising selecting the bias voltage to compensate for transistor mismatches in the passive mixer.
22. The method of claim 14, wherein coupling the second winding of the balun to the input of the passive mixer comprises coupling the second winding to one or more complementary mixers in the passive mixer, the one or more complimentary mixers configured to have an operating nonlinearity that compensates for low-noise amplifier nonlinearity.
23. The method of claim 14, further comprising filtering out-of-band signal frequencies present in the mixer input signal.
24. The method of claim 14, further comprising suppressing signal interference caused by a transmitter associated with the receiver.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein suppressing signal interference caused by a transmitter associated with the receiver comprises transforming an input impedance of a filter coupled to an output of the passive mixer to the output of the low-noise amplifier.