1. A voltage regulation system, comprising:
a converter comprising
a set of switches, and
a transformer comprising a primary winding and a set of secondary windings, the primary winding coupled to a neutral line, each of the set of secondary windings coupled to a corresponding AC line; and
a control module regulating a duty cycle of the converter.
2. The voltage regulation system of claim 1, wherein the control module determines a duty cycle according to a desired voltage of an AC line, wherein the converter generates an additive or a subtractive voltage to be injected in series with the voltage of the AC line in response to the duty cycle of the converter.
3. The voltage regulation system of claim 1, wherein the control module comprises a first control loop and a second control loop in parallel to the first control loop.
4. The voltage regulation system of claim 3, wherein the set of switches are regulated according to the first control loop when the voltage and the current of the voltage regulation system are within a predetermined range.
5. The voltage regulation system of claim 3, further comprising a bypass switch coupled across the primary winding of the transformer, wherein the set of switches are disabled and the bypass switch is enabled according to the second control loop when a line current is above a threshold.
6. The voltage regulation system of claim 5, wherein the bypass switch comprises a thyristor pair and a relay.
7. The voltage regulation system of claim 1, further comprising an active snubber comprising a switch, a resistor, a diode, and a capacitor, wherein the voltage across the capacitor is regulated to track the incoming line voltage when the polarity of the incoming line voltage is positive.
8. The voltage regulation system of claim 1, wherein the voltage regulation system is coupled across a distribution transformer comprising a center-tapped secondary winding.
9. The voltage regulation system of claim 8, further comprising an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter coupled to the distribution transformer.
10. The voltage regulation system of claim 1, further comprising an energy saving tracking module.
11. The voltage regulation system of claim 10, wherein the energy saving tracking module tracks a variation of real and reactive power consumed when the line voltage varies.
12. The voltage regulation system of claim 11, wherein the energy saving tracking module determines a sensitivity metric measuring the percent change in real and reactive power to a small imperceptible change in line voltage.
13. The voltage regulation system of claim 11, wherein the energy saving tracking module determines a voltage point corresponding to a minimum power consumption and regulates the line voltage to the voltage point.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A compound of formula I
wherein
R1, R2 independently of one another denote H, C1-8-alkyl or C3-7-cycloalkyl, while the alkyl or cycloalkyl group may be mono- or polysubstituted by identical or different groups R11, and a \u2014CH2\u2014 group in position 3 or 4 of a 5-, 6- or 7-membered cycloalkyl group may be replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014NR13\u2014; or
\u2003R2 denotes a C1-3-alkylene bridge which is linked to the group Y, wherein the alkylene bridge may be substituted with one or more C1-3-alkyl-groups, and R1 is defined as hereinbefore or denotes a group selected from C1-4-alkyl-CO\u2014, C1-4-alkyl-O\u2014CO\u2014, (C1-4-alkyl)NH\u2014CO\u2014 or (C1-4-alkyl)2N\u2014CO\u2014 wherein alkyl-groups may be mono- or polyfluorinated; or
\u2003R1 and R2 form a C3-8-alkylene bridge, wherein a \u2014CH2\u2014 group not adjacent to the N atom of the R1R2N\u2014 group may be replaced by \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014(SO2)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550CH2)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550N\u2014OH)\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl))- or \u2014NR13
\u2003while in the case when R1 and R2 form an alkylene bridge in the alkylene bridge one or more H atoms may be replaced by identical or different groups R14, and
\u2003the alkylene bridge defined hereinbefore may be substituted by one or two identical or different carbo- or heterocyclic groups Cy in such a way that the bond between the alkylene bridge and the group Cy is made
via a single or double bond,
via a common C atom forming a spirocyclic ring system,
via two common adjacent C andor N atoms forming a fused bicyclic ring system or
via three or more C andor N atoms forming a bridged ring system;
X denotes a C1-3-alkylene bridge, which may comprise one, two or three identical or different C1-4-alkyl substituents, while two alkyl groups may be joined together forming a 3 to 7-membered cyclic group, and while in a C2-3-alkylene bridge one or two C atoms may be monosubstituted by R10; and
R10 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, hydroxy-C1-3-alkyl, C1-4-alkoxy or C1-4-alkoxy-C1-3-alkyl; and
Y denotes a 5- to 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic group, which may contain 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O andor S; which cyclic group may be mono- or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents R20;
Z denotes \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550CH2)\u2014CH2\u2014 or \u2014C(OH)H\u2014CH2\u2014 all of which may be mono- or polysubstituted with substituents independently from each other selected from C1-3-alkyl;
U, V both denote CH or one of the groups U, V denotes N and the other of U, V denotes CH, wherein CH may be substituted with L; and
L independently of each other denotes halogen, cyano or C1-3-alkyl; and
k denotes 0, 1 or 2;
W is selected from the group consisting of \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014NRN\u2014, \u2014NRN\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 and \u2014NRN\u2014;
RN denotes H, C1-4-alkyl, formyl, C1-3-alkylcarbonyl or C1-3-alkylsulfonyl; and
\u2003in case the group W denotes \u2014NRN\u2014CH2\u2014 the group RN may denote a \u2014CH2\u2014 or \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014 bridge being linked to the cylic group B; and
B is a 5- or 6-membered unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic group which may contain 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O andor S; which cyclic group may be mono- or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents R20; and
Cy denotes a carbo- or heterocyclic group selected from one of the following meanings
a saturated 3- to 7-membered carbocyclic group,
an unsaturated 4- to 7-membered carbocyclic group,
a phenyl group,
a saturated 4- to 7-membered or unsaturated 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group with an N, O or S atom as heteroatom,
a saturated or unsaturated 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic group with two or more N atoms or with one or two N atoms and an O or S atom as heteroatoms,
an aromatic heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered group with one or more identical or different heteroatoms selected from N, O andor S.
\u2003while the above-mentioned saturated 6- or 7-membered groups may also be present as bridged ring systems with an imino, (C1-4-alkyl)-imino, methylene, ethylene, (C1-4-alkyl)-methylene or di-(C1-4-alkyl)-methylene bridge, and
\u2003while the above-mentioned cyclic groups may be mono- or polysubstituted at one or more C atoms by identical or different groups R20, or in the case of a phenyl group may also additionally be monosubstituted by nitro, andor one or more NH groups may be substituted by R21; and
\u2003while in the above-mentioned saturated or unsaturated carbo- or heterocyclic groups a \u2014CH2-group may be replaced by a \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014 group;
R11 denotes halogen, C1-6-alkyl, C2-6-alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, R15\u2014O\u2014, R15\u2014O\u2014CO\u2014, R15\u2014CO\u2014O\u2014, cyano, R16R17N\u2014, R18R19N\u2014CO\u2014 or Cy, while in the above-mentioned groups one or more C atoms may be substituted independently of one another by substituents selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF3, C1-3-alkyl, C1-3-alkoxy, hydroxy-C1-3-alkyl;
R13 has one of the meanings given for R17 or denotes formyl;
R14 denotes halogen, cyano, C1-6-alkyl, C2-6-alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, R15\u2014O\u2014R15\u2014O\u2014CO\u2014R15\u2014CO\u2014, R15\u2014CO\u2014O\u2014, R16R17N\u2014, HCO\u2014NR15\u2014, R18R19N\u2014CO\u2014, R18R19N\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, R15\u2014O\u2014C1-3-alkyl, R15\u2014O\u2014CO\u2014C1-3-alkyl-, R15\u2014SO2\u2014NH\u2014, R15\u2014SO2\u2014N(C1-3-alkyl)-, R15\u2014O\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014C1-3-alkyl-, R15\u2014SO2\u2014NH\u2014C1-3-alkyl-, R15\u2014CO\u2014C1-3-alkyl-, R15\u2014CO\u2014O\u2014C1-3-alkyl-, R16R17N\u2014C1-3-alkyl-, R18R19N\u2014CO\u2014C1-3-alkyl- or Cy-C1-3-alkyl-,
R15 denotes H, C1-4-alkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl-C1-3-alkyl, phenyl, phenyl-C1-3-alkyl, pyridinyl or pyridinyl-C1-3-alkyl,
R16 denotes H, C1-6-alkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl-C1-3-alkyl, C4-7-cycloalkenyl, C4-7-cycloalkenyl-C1-3-alkyl, \u03c9-hydroxy-C2-3-alkyl, \u03c9-(C1-4-alkoxy)-C2-3-alkyl, aminoC2-6-alkyl, C1-4-alkyl-amino-C2-6-alkyl, di-(C1-4-alkyl)-amino-C2-6-alkyl or cyclo-C3-6-alkyleneimino-C2-6-alkyl,
R17 has one of the meanings given for R16 or denotes phenyl, phenyl-C1-3-alkyl, pyridinyl, C1-4-alkylcarbonyl, C3-7-cycloalkylcarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl-C1-3-alkyl, C1-4-alkoxycarbonyl, C1-4-alkoxycarbonyl-C1-3-alkyl, C1-4-alkylcarbonylaminoC2-3-alkyl, N\u2014(C1-4-alkylcarbonyl)-N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)-amino-C2-3-alkyl, C1-4-alkylamino-carbonyl, C1-4-alkylsulphonyl, C1-4-alkylsulphonylamino-C2-3-alkyl or N\u2014(C1-4-alkylsulphonyl)-N(\u2014C1-4-alkyl)-amino-C2-3-alkyl;
R18, R19 independently of one another denote H or C1-6-alkyl wherein R18, R19 may be linked to form a C3-6-alkylene bridge, wherein a \u2014CH2\u2014 group not adjacent to an N atom may be replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014SO\u2014, \u2014(SO2)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550CH2)\u2014 or \u2014NR13\u2014;
R20 denotes halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C1-6-alkyl, C2-6-alkenyl, C2-6-alkynyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl-C1-3-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-3-alkyl, R22\u2014C1-3-alkyl or has one of the meanings given for R22; and
R21 denotes C1-4-alkyl, \u03c9-hydroxy-C2-6-alkyl, \u03c9-C1-4-alkoxy-C2-6-alkyl, \u03c9-C1-4-alkylamino-C2-6-alkyl, \u03c9-di-(C1-4-alkyl)-amino-C2-6-alkyl, \u03c9-cyclo-C3-6-alkyleneimino-C2-6-alkyl, phenyl, phenyl-C1-3-alkyl, C1-4-alkyl-carbonyl, C1-4-alkoxy-carbonyl, C1-4-alkylsulphonyl, aminosulphonyl, C1-4-alkylaminosulphonyl, di-C1-4-alkylaminosulphonyl or cyclo-C3-6-alkylene-imino-sulphonyl,
R22 denotes pyridinyl, phenyl, phenyl-C1-3-alkoxy, cyclo-C3-6-alkyleneimino-C2-4-alkoxy, OHC\u2014, HO\u2014N\u2550HC\u2014, C1-4-alkoxy-N\u2550HC\u2014, C1-4-alkoxy, C1-4-alkylthio, carboxy, C1-4-alkylcarbonyl, C1-4-alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C1-4-alkylamino-carbonyl, di-(C1-4-alkyl)-aminocarbonyl, cyclo-C3-6-alkyl-amino-carbonyl, cyclo-C3-6-alkyleneimino-carbonyl, phenylaminocarbonyl, cyclo-C3-6-alkyleneimino-C2-4-alkylamino-carbonyl, C1-4-alkyl-sulphonyl, C1-4-alkyl-sulphinyl, C1-4-alkylsulphonylamino, C1-4-alkyl-sulphonyl-N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)amino, amino, C1-4-alkyl-amino, di-(C1-4-alkyl)-amino, C1-4-alkyl-carbonyl-amino, C1-4-alkyl-carbonyl-N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)amino, cyclo-C3-6-alkyleneimino, phenyl-C1-3-alkylamino, N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)phenyl-C1-3-alkylamino, acetylamino, propionylamino, phenylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonylamino, phenylcarbonylmethylamino, hydroxy-C2-3-alkylamino-carbonyl, (4-morpholinyl)carbonyl, (1-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl, (1-piperidinyl)carbonyl, (hexahydro-1-azepinyl)carbonyl, (4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyl, aminocarbonylamino or C1-4-alkylaminocarbonylamino,
while in the above-mentioned groups and radicals, particularly in L, W, X, Z, RN, R10, R11, R13 to R22, in each case one or more C atoms may additionally be mono- or polysubstituted by F andor in each case one or two C atoms independently of one another may additionally be monosubstituted by Cl or Br andor in each case one or more phenyl rings may additionally comprise independently of one another one, two or three substituents selected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, cyano, C1-4-alkyl, C1-4-alkoxy, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy, amino, C1-3-alkylamino, di-(C1-3-alkyl)-amino, acetylamino, aminocarbonyl, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, amino-C1-3-alkyl, C1-3-alkylamino-C1-3-alkyl- and di-(C1-3-alkyl)-amino-C1-3-alkyl andor may be monosubstituted by nitro, and
the H atom of any carboxy group present or an H atom bound to an N atom may in each case be replaced by a group which can be cleaved in vivo,
a tautomer thereof, a diastereomer thereof, an enantiomer thereof, a mixture of any such forms or a salt thereof.
2. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that the groups R1, R2 are selected independently of one another from the group comprising H, C1-6-alkyl, C3-5-alkenyl, C3-5-alkynyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, hydroxy-C3-7-cycloalkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl-C1-3-alkyl, (hydroxy-C3-7-cycloalkyl)-C1-3-alkyl, hydroxy-C2-4-alkyl, \u03c9-NC\u2014C2-3-alkyl, C1-4-alkoxyC2-4-alkyl, hydroxy-C1-4-alkoxy-C2-4-alkyl, C1-4-alkoxy-carbonyl-C1-4-alkyl, carboxyl-C1-4-alkyl, amino-C2-4-alkyl, C1-4-alkyl-amino-C2-4-alkyl, di-(C1-4-alkyl)-amino-C2-4-alkyl, cycloC3-6-alkyleneimino-C2-4-alkyl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidinyl-C1-3-alkyl, N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)-pyrrolidinyl-C1-3-alkyl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)piperidin-3-yl, N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)-piperidin-4-yl, piperidinyl-C1-3-alkyl, N\u2014(C1-4-alkyl)piperidinyl-C1-3-alkyl, tetrahydropyran-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl, tetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl, phenyl-C1-3-alkyl or pyridyl-C1-3-alkyl, while in the above-mentioned groups and radicals one or more C atoms independently of one another may be mono- or polysubstituted by F, C1-3-alkyl or hydroxy-C1-3-alkyl, andor one or two C atoms independently of one another may be monosubstituted by Cl, Br, OH, CF3 or CN, and the above-mentioned cyclic groups may be mono- or polysubstituted at one or more C atoms by identical or different radicals R20, in the case of a phenyl group may also additionally be monosubstituted by nitro, andor one or more NH groups may be substituted by R21, wherein R20 and R21 are defined as in claim 1.
3. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that R1 and R2 together with the N atom to which they are bound form a heterocyclic group which is selected from the meanings azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepan, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine, 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepine, 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepine, piperazine in which the free imine function is substituted by R13, piperidin-4-one morpholine, thiomorpholine, 1-oxo-thiomorpholin-4-yl and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholin-4-yl;
while one or more H atoms may be replaced by identical or different groups R14, andor
the heterocyclic groups specified may be substituted by one or two identical or different carbo- or heterocyclic groups Cy in such a way that the bond between the alkylene bridge and the group Cy is made
via a single or double bond,
via a common C atom forming a spirocyclic ring system,
via two common adjacent C andor N atoms forming a fused bicyclic ring system or
via three or more C andor N atoms forming a bridged ring system;
and the groups R13, R14 and the group Cy are defined as in claim 1.
4. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that R2 denotes a C1-3-alkylene bridge which is linked to the group Y, wherein the alkylene bridge may be substituted with one or more C1-3-alkyl-groups, and R1 is defined as in claim 2 or denotes a group selected from C1-4-alkyl-CO\u2014, C1-4-alkyl-O\u2014CO\u2014, (C1-4-alkyl)NH\u2014CO\u2014 or (C1-4-alkyl)2N\u2014CO\u2014 wherein alkyl-groups may be mono- or polyfluorinated.
5. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that X denotes a \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014 or \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014 bridging group, wherein one or two hydrogen atoms may be replaced by identical or different C1-3-alkyl-groups, while two alkyl-groups may linked together to form a 3 to 6-membered cycloalkyl group.
6. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that the group Y denotes phenyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, furyl, thiophenyl and thiazolyl all of which may be mono- or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents R20, while R20.
7. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that the group Z denotes a group selected from \u2014CH2\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550CH2)\u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014C(OH)H\u2014CH2\u2014 and \u2014CFH\u2014CH2\u2014.
8. The Compound according to claim 1, characterised in that the group W denotes \u2014CH2\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CH2\u2014 or \u2014NRN\u2014CH2\u2014.
9. The compound according to claim 1, characterised in that the group B is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thiophenyl and thiazolyl, wherein said group B may be mono- or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents R20.
10. The physiologically acceptable salt of the compound according to claim 1.
11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 or its salt, together with one or more inert carriers or diluents.
12. A method for influencing the eating behaviour of a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
13. A method for reducing the body weight of a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
14. A method for preventing andor treating symptoms andor diseases which are caused by MCH or are otherwise causally connected with MCH in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
15. A method for preventing andor treating metabolic disorders andor eating disorders, particularly obesity, bulimia, bulimia nervosa, cachexia, anorexia, anorexia nervosa and hyperphagia in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
16. A method for preventing andor treating diseases andor disorders associated with obesity, particularly diabetes, especially type II diabetes, complications of diabetes including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, insulin resistance, pathological glucose tolerance, encephalorrhagia, cardiac insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases, particularly arteriosclerosis and high blood pressure, arthritis and gonitis in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
17. A method for preventing andor treating hyperlipidaemia, cellulitis, fat accumulation, malignant mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis, emotional disorders, affective disorders, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, reproductive disorders, sexual disorders, memory disorders, epilepsy, forms of dementia and hormonal disorders in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
18. A method for preventing andor treating micturition disorders, such as for example urinary incontinence, hyperactive urinary bladder, urgency, nycturia and enuresis in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
19. A method for preventing andor treating dependencies andor withdrawal symptoms in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal at least one compound according to claim 1 or its salt.
20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising
a first active substance which is a compound according to claims 1,
a second active substance which is a compound selected from the group consisting of active substances for the treatment of diabetes, active substances for the treatment of diabetic complications, active substances for the treatment of obesity, preferably other than MCH antagonists, active substances for the treatment of high blood pressure, active substances for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia, including arteriosclerosis, active substances for the treatment of arthritis, active substances for the treatment of anxiety states and active substances for the treatment of depression,
and one or more inert carriers or diluents.