1. An image forming method comprising at least:
a step for forming an electrostatic latent image on a photosensitive member having at least a charge generation layer on a conductive support and a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer, and
a step for developing the electrostatic latent image by the use of a two-component developer having a toner and a carrier, wherein;
said photosensitive member has a surface having a modulus of elastic deformation of from 46% to 65% and a universal hardness value HU of from 1.5\xd7108 Nm2 to 2.3\xd7108 Nm2, and said charge transport layer has a layer thickness of from 8.0 \u03bcm to 20.0 \u03bcm;
said toner has a weight-average particle diameter D4 of from 3.0 \u03bcm to 10.0 \u03bcm;
said carrier has a volume-average particle diameter Dv of from 15.0 \u03bcm to 60.0 \u03bcm and an average circularity C of from 0.870 to 0.940, and contains 20% by number or less of particles having a value of (average circularity C\u22122\u03c3) or less (\u03c3 is standard deviation of carrier circularity).
2. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said carrier comprises carrier core surfaces having been coated with a resin, and the resin contains at least a silicone resin or a fluorine resin.
3. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said carrier is a magnetic material dispersed resin carrier having a magnetic material and a binder resin, and said carrier has a true specific gravity of from 3.0 gcm3 to 4.0 gcm3 and an intensity of magnetization per carrier volume under 79.6 kAm, of from 80 kAm2m3 to 250 kAm2m3 (emucm3).
4. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said toner has a weight-average particle diameter D4 of from 4.0 \u03bcm to 8.0 \u03bcm and an average circularity of from 0.920 to 1.000.
5. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said charge transport layer has a layer thickness of from 8.0 \u03bcm to 16.0 \u03bcm.
6. The image forming method according to claim 1, wherein said charge transport layer is divided into a first charge transport layer and a second charge transport layer;
said first charge transport layer being a layer formed of a binder resin in which a charge-transporting material has been dispersed; and
said second charge transport layer being a layer which forms a surface layer and being formed of a curable resin obtained by polymerizing a compound having a polymerizable functional group represented by the following structural formula (1):
wherein E represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkoxyl group, \u2014COOR1 (R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group), \u2014CONR2R3 (R2 and R3 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and may be the same or different from each other); W represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent alkylene group, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014C\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014OO\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014CONR4 (R4 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group); and f represents an integer of 0 or 1.
7. An image forming apparatus which comprises at least a charging assembly, an exposure unit, developing assemblies having developing rollers and two-component developers, a transfer assembly and a photosensitive member having at least a charge generation layer on a conductive support and a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer, and said two-component developer having a toner and a carrier, wherein;
said photosensitive member has a surface having a modulus of elastic deformation of from 46% to 65% and a universal hardness value HU of from 1.5\xd7108 Nm2 to 2.3\xd7108 Nm2, and said charge transport layer has a layer thickness of from 8.0 \u03bcm to 20.0 \u03bcm;
said toner has a weight-average particle diameter D4 of from 3.0 \u03bcm to 10.0 \u03bcm;
said carrier has a volume-average particle diameter Dv of from 15.0 \u03bcm to 60.0 \u03bcm and an average circularity C of from 0.870 to 0.940, and contains 20% by number or less of particles having a value of (average circularity C\u22122\u03c3) or less (\u03c3 is standard deviation of carrier circularity).
8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said carrier comprises carrier core surfaces having been coated with a resin, and the resin contains at least a silicone resin or a fluorine resin.
9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said carrier is a magnetic material dispersed resin carrier having a magnetic material and a binder resin, and said carrier has a true specific gravity of from 3.0 gcm3 to 4.0 gcm3 and an intensity of magnetization per carrier volume under 79.6 kAm, of from 80 kAm2m3 to 250 kAm2m3 (emucm3).
10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said toner has a weight-average particle diameter D4 of from 4.0 \u03bcm to 8.0 \u03bcm and an average circularity of from 0.920 to 1.000.
11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said charge transport layer has a layer thickness of from 8.0 \u03bcm to 16.0 \u03bcm.
12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said charge transport layer is divided into a first charge transport layer and a second charge transport layer;
said first charge transport layer being a layer formed of a binder resin in which a charge-transporting material has been dispersed; and said second charge transport layer being a layer which forms a surface layer and being formed of a curable resin obtained by polymerizing a compound having a polymerizable functional group represented by the following structural formula (1):
wherein E represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkoxyl group, \u2014COOR1 (R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group), \u2014CONR2R3 (R2 and R3 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and may be the same or different from each other); W represents a substituted or unsubstituted divalent arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent alkylene group, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014C\u2014, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014OO\u2014, \u2014S\u2014 or \u2014CONR4 (R4 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group); and f represents an integer of 0 or 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for determining a characteristic of earth formations from measurements taken on said formations, comprising the steps of:
producing a data base that includes a multiplicity of data points, each data point representing a stored formation characteristic output related to a stored input measurement;
deriving, from said data base, a mapping function;
deriving an input formation measurement value; and
determining an output formation characteristic value, from said data base, said mapping function, and said input formation measurement value.
2. The method as defined by claim 1, wherein said mapping function comprises a weighted sum of non-linear functions.
3. A method for determining a characteristic of earth formations from measurements taken on said formations, comprising the steps of:
producing a data base that includes a multiplicity of data points, each data point representing a stored formation characteristic output related to a stored input measurement;
deriving, from said data base, a radial basis function mapping function;
deriving an input formation measurement value; and
determining, using radial basis function interpolation, an output formation characteristic value, from said data base, said mapping function, and said input formation measurement value.
4. The method as defined by claim 3, further comprising using said data base to determine parameters of said radial basis function mapping function.
5. The method as defined by claim 3, wherein said radial basis function mapping function includes weighting coefficients and non-linear radial basis functions, and further comprising the step of using said data base to determine said weighting coefficients.
6. The method as defined by claim 3, wherein said radial basis function mapping function includes weighting coefficients and non-linear radial basis functions, and further comprising the step of using said data base to determine the parameters of said non-linear radial basis functions.
7. The method as defined by claim 3, wherein said radial basis function mapping function includes weighting coefficients and Gaussian radial basis functions, and further comprising the steps of using said data base to determine said weighting coefficients and the widths of said Gaussian radial basis functions.
8. The method as defined by claim 3, wherein said earth formations are formations surrounding an earth borehole, and wherein said measurements are taken with a logging device in said borehole.
9. The method as defined by claim 8, further comprising repeating said steps of deriving an input formation measurement value for different depth levels in the borehole and of determining said output formation characteristic value for said different depth levels, and further comprising producing a log of said output formation characteristic value as a function of depth level.
10. The method as defined by claim 8, wherein said formation measurement value comprises an electrical logging measurement value.
11. The method as defined by claim 8, wherein said formation measurement value comprises a nuclear logging measurement value.
12. The method as defined by claim 8, wherein said formation measurement value comprises a sonic logging measurement value.
13. The method as defined by claim 8, wherein said formation measurement value comprises a fluid sampling logging measurement value.
14. The method as defined by claim 8, wherein said formation measurement value comprises an NMR logging measurement value.
15. The method as defined by claim 3, wherein said formation measurement value comprises measurements from instruments on the earth’s surface or seafloor.
16. A method for determining a characteristic of earth formations from measurements taken on said formations, comprising the steps of:
producing a data base that includes a multiplicity of data points, each data point representing a stored m-dimensional formation characteristic output vector related to a stored n-dimensional input measurement vector;
deriving, from said data base, a radial basis function mapping function;
deriving an n-dimensional input formation measurement value vector; and
determining, using radial basis function interpolation, an output m-dimensional formation characteristic value vector, from said data base, said mapping function, and said input formation measurement value.
17. The method as defined by claim 16, further comprising using said data base to determine parameters of said radial basis function mapping function.
18. The method as defined by claim 16, wherein said radial basis function mapping function includes weighting coefficients and non-linear radial basis functions, and further comprising the step of using said data base to determine said weighting coefficients.
19. The method as defined by claim 16, wherein said radial basis function mapping function includes weighting coefficients and non-linear radial basis functions, and further comprising the step of using said data base to determine parameters of said non-linear radial basis functions.
20. The method as defined by claim 16, wherein said radial basis function mapping function includes weighting coefficients and Gaussian radial basis functions, and further comprising the steps of using said data base to determine said weighting coefficients and the widths of said Gaussian radial basis functions.
21. The method as defined by claim 16, wherein said step of deriving an n-dimensional input formation measurement value vector comprises obtaining said measurement value vector from measurements with a logging device in the borehole.
22. The method as defined by claim 21, further comprising repeating said steps of deriving an input formation measurement value vector for different depth levels in the borehole and of determining said output formation characteristic value vector for said different depth levels, and further comprising producing a log of said output formation characteristic value vector as a function of depth level.
23. The method as defined by claim 21, wherein said formation measurement value vector comprises an electrical logging measurement value.
24. The method as defined by claim 21, wherein said formation measurement value vector comprises a nuclear logging measurement value.
25. The method as defined by claim 21, wherein said formation measurement value vector comprises a sonic logging measurement value.
26. The method as defined by claim 21, wherein said formation measurement value vector comprises a fluid sampling logging measurement value.
27. The method as defined by claim 21, wherein said formation measurement vector value comprises an NMR logging measurement value.
28. The method as defined by claim 16, wherein said formation measurement value vector comprises measurements from instruments on the earth’s surface or seafloor.