1. Asymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes.
2. The asymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes of claim 1 comprising 2,5-dinitro-substituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes.
3. The asymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes of claim 1 comprising 2,5-dialkylamino-substituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes.
4. The asymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes of claim 1 having the general formula
where R1 and R2 are different.
5. The asymmetrical 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes of claim 4, wherein R1 and R2 are each selected from the group consisting of R3NH\u2014, R4R5N\u2014, R6O\u2014, and R7S\u2014, where R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, branched aliphatic groups, linear lower aliphatic groups, cyclic aliphatic groups, homocyclic aryl groups, heterocyclic aryl groups, substituted derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
6. A coupling product of 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzene derivatives with a coupler.
7. The coupling product of claim 6, wherein the 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes comprise 2,5-dinitro-substituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes.
8. The coupling product of claim 6, wherein the 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes comprise 2,5-dialkylamino-substituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes.
9. The coupling product of claim 6, wherein the coupler is selected from the group consisting of blue, red, and yellow-green couplers.
10. The coupling product of claim 9, wherein the blue couplers are 1,3-diaminobenzene derivatives with the ability to couple at the 2,4-positions relative to the amino groups, the blue couplers being selected from the group consisting of N- and O-hydroxyethyl derivatives, dimeric couplers, and heterocyclic compounds.
11. The coupling product of claim 9, wherein the red couplers are selected from the group consisting of 3-aminophenol, 5-amino-2-methyl-phenol, and 1-naphthol.
12. The coupling product of claim 9, wherein the yellow-green couplers are selected from the group consisting of resorcinol, 4-cholroresorcinol, benzodioxoles, 2-methylresorcinol, and their derivatives.
13. The coupling product of claim 6 having the general formula
where R1 and R2 are different and R1 and R2 are each selected from the group consisting of R3NH\u2014, R4R5N\u2014, R6O\u2014, and R7S\u2014, where R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, branched aliphatic groups, linear lower aliphatic groups, cyclic aliphatic groups, homocyclic aryl groups, heterocyclic aryl groups, substituted derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
14. A process for preparing 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes, the process including:
providing 2,5-difluoro-1,4-dinitrobenzene;
reacting 2,5-difluoro-1,4-dinitrobenzene with a first amine or a first alcohol or a first thiol to form a mono-substituted product; and
reacting the mono-substituted product with a second amine or a second alcohol or a second thiol, respectively, to form a 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-dinitrobenzene.
15. The process of claim 14 further including:
reduction of the 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-dinitrobenzene to form a 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzene.
16. The process of claim 14, wherein the first amine and the second amine are the same or different, wherein the first alcohol and the second alcohol are the same or different, and wherein the first thiol and the second thiol are the same or different.
17. The process of claim 16, wherein the first amine and the second amine are each selected from the group consisting of primary amines and secondary amines.
18. The process of claim 14, wherein the process of providing 2,5-difluoro-1,4-dinitrobenzene includes:
reacting 2,5-difluoroaniline with acetic anhydride to form N-(2,5-difluorophenyl)acetamide;
nitrating the N-(2,5-difluorophenyl)acetamide to form N-(2,5-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)acetamide;
deprotecting the N-(2,5-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)acetamide to form 2,5-difluoro-4-nitroaniline having an amino group in the 1 position; and
oxidizing the amino group to the corresponding nitro group to form 2,5-difluoro-1,4-dinitrobenzene.
19. The process of claim 14 wherein the 2,5-disubstituted-1,4-diaminobenzenes have the general formula
where R1 and R2 are the same or different and R1 and R2 are each selected from the group consisting of R3NH\u2014, R4R5N\u2014, R6O\u2014, and R7S\u2014, where R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, branched aliphatic groups, linear lower aliphatic groups, cyclic aliphatic groups, homocyclic aryl groups, heterocyclic aryl groups, substituted derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A hydraulic system comprising:
at least one hydraulic actuator;
a distribution means in fluid communication with the at least one hydraulic actuator for selectively distributing hydraulic fluid to and from the at least one hydraulic actuator;
at least one source of hydraulic fluid in fluid communication with the distribution means:
for supplying hydraulic fluid to the at least one hydraulic actuator, or
for draining away hydraulic fluid from the at least one hydraulic actuator; and
a control means communicating with the at least one source for controlling:
pressurizing of the hydraulic fluid into the at least one actuator, or
the draining away of the hydraulic fluid from the at least one actuator.
2. The hydraulic system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one source comprises at least one motor operating the at least one source in a mode supplying the hydraulic fluid to the at least one hydraulic actuator, or in a mode draining away the hydraulic fluid from the at least one hydraulic actuator.
3. The hydraulic system according to claim 2, wherein the control means comprises a motor controller communicating with the at least one motor and controlling the mode of operation of the at least one source.
4. The hydraulic system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one motor is an electrical motor.
5. The hydraulic system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one source includes at least one hydraulic pump driven by the at least one motor.
6. The hydraulic system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one actuator comprises:
a first chamber in fluid communication with a first one of the at least one source via the distribution means, and
a second chamber in fluid communication with a second one of the at least one source via the distribution means; and
the control means configured such that:
the first one is operating in the supplying mode, and
the second one is operating in the draining mode.
7. The hydraulic system according to claim 6, wherein:
the at least one actuator comprises a piston communicating with the first chamber and the second chamber, and
the control means are configured such that a movement of the piston is controlled directly by a shaft speed of the at least one motor.
8. The hydraulic system according to claim 1, comprising at least one redundant source of hydraulic fluid in fluid communication with the distribution means for supplying hydraulic fluid to the at least one hydraulic actuator.
9. The hydraulic system according to claim 8, wherein:
the at least one redundant source of hydraulic fluid includes at least one hydropneumatic accumulator supplying hydraulic fluid to the at least one actuator.
10. The hydraulic system according to claim 8, wherein:
the at least one hydropneumatic accumulator is charged with hydraulic fluid by the at least one source.
11. A hydraulic system according to claim 1, located in a wind turbine.
12. A pitch control system for a wind turbine having a plurality of blades, comprising a hydraulic system according to claim 1.
13. The pitch control system according to claim 12, wherein the at least one hydraulic actuator communicates with one of the plurality of blades and is configured to pivot the blade about its longitudinal axis.
14. A method for operating a hydraulic system comprising:
providing at least one hydraulic actuator, a distribution means in fluid communication with the at least one hydraulic actuator for selectively distributing hydraulic fluid to and from that at least one hydraulic actuator, and at least one source of hydraulic fluid in fluid communication with that distribution means:
for supplying hydraulic fluid to the at least one hydraulic actuator, or
for draining away hydraulic fluid from the at least one hydraulic actuator; and
operating the at least one source in a mode:
pressurizing the hydraulic fluid into the at least one actuator, or
draining away the hydraulic fluid from the least one actuator.