1. A composition comprising:
(a) a rice flour; and
(b) a pregelatinised rice starch.
2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a modified rice starch.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein such composition is gluten-free
4. The composition of 3, further comprising a modified rice starch.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein wherein the rice flour is present in an amount of about 20% to about 80% by weight.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pregelatinised rice starch is present in an amount of about 10% to about 40% by weight.
7. The composition of claim 2, wherein the modified rice starch is present in an amount of about 5% to about 30% by weight.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the rice flour and pregelatinised rice starch are present in an amount of 20% to 80% and 10% to 40% by weight respectively.
9. The composition of claim 2, wherein the rice flour, pregelatinised rice starch and modified rice starch are present in an amount of 20% to 80%, 10% to 40% and 5% to 30% by weight respectively.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the rice flour is present in an amount of about 55% to about 65% by weight.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pregelatinised rice starch is present in an amount of about 20% to about 25% by weight.
12. The composition of claim 2, wherein the modified rice starch is present in an amount of about 10% to about 15% by weight.
13. The composition of claim 2, wherein the rice flour, pregelatinised rice starch and modified rice starch are present in an amount of 55% to 65%, 20% to 25% and 10% to 15% by weight. respectively.
14. A dough comprising the composition of claim 1.
15. The dough of claim 14, without the presence of non-rice based flour or starch.
16. The dough of claim 14, further comprising at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of water, a leavening agent, salt, sugar, icing sugar, eggs, skim milk powder, baking powder, monoglycerides, a fat source and a flavouring.
17. The dough of claim 14, without the presence of a hydrocolloid additive.
18. The dough of claim 16, wherein the leavening agent is a chemical leavening agent.
19. The dough of claim 18, wherein the chemical leavening agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, monocalcium phosphate (MCP), sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and ammonium bicarbonate.
20. The dough of claim 19, further comprising at least one acid ingredient selected from the group consisting of sodium acid pyrophosphate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate, monocalcium phosphate anhydrous, sodium aluminium phosphate acidic, dicalcium and phosphate dihyrate.
21. The dough of claim 16, wherein the leavening agent is yeast.
22. The dough of claim 21, wherein the yeast is in the form of dry instant yeast.
23. The dough of claim 22, wherein the dry instant yeast is present in an amount of about 0.87% by weight.
24. The dough of claim 14, wherein the pregelatinised rice starch is modified chemically.
25. The dough of claim 14, wherein the dough is shaped into the form of a bun or a cookie.
26. A method of making a dough comprising the steps of:
(a) combining the composition of claim 1 with water; and
(b) fermenting the dough.
27. The method of claim 26, further comprising the steps of
(a) punching the dough and shaping the dough to form a shaped dough; and
(b) proofing the dough.
28. A method for preparing a baked product comprising baking the dough of claim 14.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the dough is gluten-free.
30. A dough product prepared by the method of claim 28.
31. A baked product comprising the composition of claim 1.
32. The product of claim 31, further comprising modified rice starch.
33. A baked product prepared from the dough of claim 14.
34. A baked product prepared by the method of claim 26.
35. The baked product of claim 31, wherein the product is selected from the group consisting of a bun, a cookie, a biscuit, a donut, a cracker, a muffin, a cake, a bread and a roll.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process having steps of anoxic treatment to denitrify a waste stream followed by anoxic treatment to remove selenium.
2. The process of claim 1 further comprising a step of anaerobic treatment to remove heavy metals, for example arsenic, mercury, or sulphur.
3. The process of claim 1 further comprising a step of aerobic treatment to remove COD from or nitrify the waste stream upstream of the steps of claim 1.
4. The process of claim 1 further comprising one or more steps of:
a) membrane separation of the waste stream upstream of the step of anoxic digestion to remove selenium;
b) dilution upstream of the digestion steps; or
c) physicalchemical pretreatment upstream of the digestion steps or the dilution step to remove TSS and soften the waste stream.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein ORP of the waste stream upstream of the anoxic treatment step to denitrify is maintained between +100 and 0 mV and ORP of the waste stream downstream of the anoxic treatment step to remove selenium is maintained below 0 mV.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein ORP of the waste stream leaving the process has an ORP of \u221250 mV or less.
7. The process of claim 5 wherein ORP is maintained by controlling the place or rate of a nutrient feed to the process.
8. The process of claim 1 further comprising accounting for the presence of DBA in the waste stream in determining a rate of carbon nutrient addition.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the anoxic treatment steps occur in a fixed film bioreactor.
10. An apparatus having one or more reactors configured to provide denitrification and selenium removal by biological treatment.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the one or more reactors further provide aerobic treatment of COD by biological treatment.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the one or more reactors further provide heavy metal or sulfur removal by biological treatment.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein one of the one or more reactors is a membrane bioreactor.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein one of the reactors is a fixed film reactor
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the fixed film reactor has an activated carbon bed used to support a population of microbes.
16. The apparatus of claim 10 having one or more of an inlet for diluting the feed water to the reactors, a system for adding lime or sulfides to the wastewater upstream of the reactors, a precipitate remover, or an ammonia stripper.
17. A process for operating a media bed reactor comprising a step of considering the oxygen reduction potential of water entering into or exiting from a part of the reactor in determining a nutrient addition amount, location or rate.
18. The process of claim 17 wherein the ORP of an upstream portion of the reactor is maintained at between 100 and 0 mV.
19. The process of claim 17 wherein the ORP of a downstream portion of the reactor is maintained at an ORP of \u221250 mV or less.
20. The process of claim 17 used to remove nitrates.
21. The process of claim 17 used to remove selenium.
22. A process for operating a fixed media bioreactor comprising a step of bumping the reactor at least once per week to release solids or gas bubbles.