1. A method for forming a semiconductor component, comprising:
partially filling an opening with a fill material;
forming a first insulating layer over the fill material so as to form a gap over the opening; and
closing the gap with an insulating material thereby forming an enclosed cavity within the opening.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the gap is closed by forming a second insulating layer.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein closing the gap comprises performing a high density plasma process.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the insulating material that closes the gap is deposited by a high density plasma process.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the insulating material that closes the gap comprises the same material as the first insulating layer.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the same material comprises an oxide.
7. A method for forming a semiconductor component, comprising:
partially filling an opening with a fill material;
forming a first insulating layer over the fill material so as to form a gap over the opening; and
performing an high density plasma process to close the gap thereby forming an enclosed cavity within the opening.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein performing a high density plasma process comprises performing a deposition process to deposit a second insulating layer.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the gap is closed by an insulating material, wherein the insulating material is the same material as the first insulating layer.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the same material comprises an oxide.
11. A method for forming a semiconductor component, comprising:
partially filling an opening with a fill material;
forming a first insulating layer over the fill material so as to form a gap over the opening; and
using a plasma process, closing the gap to form an enclosed cavity within the opening.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the plasma process comprises a high density plasma process.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the plasma process deposits an insulating material.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the insulating material and the first insulating layer comprise the same material.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the same material comprises an oxide.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A compound having the Formula (I):
122
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R4 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, cyanamido, N(CN)2, guanidino, amidino, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
R5 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, carbonylamido, hydrazino, oximo, amidino, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
2. A compound having the Formula (II):
123
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R4 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, cyanamido, N(CN)2, guanidino, amidino, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
R5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, acyl or aryl;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
R6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, carbonylamido, hydrazino, oximo, amidino, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
3. A compound having the Formula (IIa):
124
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R4 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, cyanamido, N(CN)2, guanidino, amidino, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
R5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, acyl or aryl;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
R6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, carbonylamido, hydrazino, oximo, amidino, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
4. A compound having the Formula (III):
125
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, carbonyl, oxygen, or NR;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R; optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
with the proviso, that when W is adamantyl or when p is other than zero, or when the piperidine ring is substituted in the 3-position with WX, then Y may also be optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; wherein
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
5. A compound having Formula IIIa:
126
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y is CH3, CN, CO2R, carboxamido, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group or an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group;
R is alkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, 3;
with the proviso, that when W is adamantyl, then Y may also be optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group; wherein
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group.
6. A compound having the Formula IIIb:
127
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y is CH3, CN, CO2R, carboxamido, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group or an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group;
R is alkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
with the proviso, that when W is adamantyl, then Y may also be optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group; wherein
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group.
7. A compound having the Formula IIIc:
128
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y is CH3, CN, CO2R, carboxamido, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl group, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureidoalkyl group, a guanidinoalkyl group, or ONCR1R2, where R1 and R2 are independently aryl or lower alkyl;
R is alkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
with the proviso, that when W is adamantyl, then Y may also be optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group; wherein
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group.
8. A compound having the Formula IIId:
129
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, oxygen, or NR;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
with the proviso that when W is an adamantyl group, then Y may further be an optionally substituted aralkyl group, or an optionally substituted aryl group.
9. A compound having the Formula IIIe:
130
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
with the proviso that when W is an adamantyl group, then Y may further be an optionally substituted aralkyl group, or an optionally substituted aryl group.
10. A compound having the Formula IIIf:
131
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
with the proviso that when W is an adamantyl group, then Y1 may further be an optionally substituted aralkyl group, or an optionally substituted aryl group.
11. A compound having the Formula IIIg:
132
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
with the proviso that when W is an adamantyl group, then Y may further be an optionally substituted aralkyl group, or an optionally substituted aryl group.
12. A compound having the Formula IIIh:
133
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
Y is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
Z is (CH2)m, oxygen, sulfur, or NR;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
13. A compound having the Formula (IIIi):
134
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R5 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
Y is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydrogen, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group.
14. A compound having Formula (IIIj):
135
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R5 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
Y is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydrogen, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group.
15. A compound having the Formula (IIIk):
136
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R5 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
Y is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, SAr, COAr, hydrogen, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group.
16. A compound having the Formula (IIIl):
137
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is optionally substituted aryl;
Y is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, SAr, COAr, hydrogen, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
Q is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, oxygen, or sulfur;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
p is 0 or 1.
17. A compound having the Formula (IIIm):
138
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is optionally substituted aryl;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, oxygen, sulfur, or NR;
R is alkyl, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, or aralkyl;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
single or double bond; and
carbon ring or heterocyclic ring, with the proviso that said carbon ring is not part of a naphthyl group.
18. A compound having the Formula (IIIn):
139
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m;
Y is CH3, CN, CO2R; an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, SAr, COAr, hydroxy, Y1, Y1, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an amino group, an amido group, a ureido group, or a guanidino group;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group
R is alkyl, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
19. A compound having the Formula (IIIo):
140
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl; and
n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
20. A compound having the Formula (IV):
141
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R5 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
21. A compound having the Formula (V):
142
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R4 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
22. A compound having the Formula (VI):
143
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, oxygen, or NR;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl;
R is alkyl, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
p is 0, 1 or 2.
23. A compound having the Formula (VII):
144
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, oxygen, or NR;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl;
R is alkyl, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
p is 0, 1 or 2.
24. A compound having the Formula (VIII):
145
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
W is an adamantyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group;
X is a bond, (CH2)m, oxygen, or NR;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino;
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl;
R is alkyl, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl group, an amidoalkyl group, a ureidoalkyl group, or a guanidinoalkyl group;
R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and
p is 0, 1 or 2.
25. A compound having the Formula (IX):
146
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
one of K and L is nitrogen and the other is CH;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
26. A compound having the Formula (X):
147
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
27. A compound having the Formula (XI):
148
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
28. A compound having the Formula (XII):
149
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
A and B are one or more substituents which are independently hydrogen, halo, alkoxy, trifluoromethylthio, cyano, carboxy or hydroxy;
R1 is alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
29. A compound having the Formula (XIII):
150
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R is hydrogen, C2-C6 acyl, C1-C6 alkyl, aryl, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C7-C10 aralkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C15 dialkylaminoalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C15 trialkylsilyl, C4-C10 alkylcycloalkyl, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl;
A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of a halogen such as chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethyl, azido, C1-C6 alkoxy, C2-C6 dialkoxymethyl, C1-C6 alkyl, cyano, C3-C15 dialkylaminoalkyl, carboxy, carboxamido, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 haloalkylthio, allyl, aralkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aroyl, aralkoxy, C2-C6 acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C5-C6 heterocycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkylthio, C1-C6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-C6 haloalkylsulfonyl, C1-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C1-C6 haloalkylsulfinyl, arylthio, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C2-C15 dialkylamino, hydroxy, carbamoyl, C1-C6 N-alkylcarbamoyl, C2-C15 N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl, nitro and C2-C15 dialkylsulfamoyl;
Z represents a group selected from
151
wherein R1 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, aralkyl, C4-C15 dialkylaminoalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C2-C6 acyl, aroyl, or aralkanoyl, and R3 is C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, phenyl, aralkyl or C3-C15 dialkylaminoalkyl; and
f and g are independently integers selected from 0 (A or B is hydrogen, respectively), 1, 2, 3, or 4;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
30. A compound having the Formula (XIV):
152
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1 is carboxy or an alkylester or amide thereof; alkyl carboxy or an alkyl ester or amide thereof; hydroxy or hydroxymethyl group;
p is 0, 1 or 2;
the dotted line represents a single or double bond;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
31. A compound having the Formula (XV):
153
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
R1-R4 are independently hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, fused aryl, a heterocyclic group, a heteroaryl group, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, cyanamido, N(CN)2, guanidino, amidino, acylamido, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido, or alkylthiol;
E is (CRaRb)rGs(CRcRd)t, wherein Ra, Rb, Rc and Rd are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, hydroxy or carboxy; G is oxygen, sulfur, sulfone, sulfoxide, carboxy (CO2 or O2C), carbonyl (CO), or NRe, wherein Re is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; r and t are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and s is 0 or 1;
R6 is hydrogen, hydroxy, alkylcarboxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted aryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted benzyloxyalkyl, a heterocyclic group, a heterocyclic substituted alkyl group, heteroaryl, or a heteroaryl substituted alkyl group;
p is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, CH3, CN, CO2R, sulfate, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted arylthioxy, optionally substituted aroyl, Y1, Y1 (which may be cis or trans, throughout) carbonylamido, hydrazino, oximo, amidino, optionally substituted heterocyclic group, optionally substituted heterocycloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaryloxy, optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group, amino, amido, ureido, or guanidino; and
Y1 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, ureidoalkyl, or guanidinoalkyl.
32. A compound of the Formula XVI:
154
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
Ar1 is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
X is O, NR1 or (CH2)n wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and R1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
U is hydroxy or hydrogen;
Y is (CH2)m wherein m is 1, 2 or 3;
Z is (CHR2)z wherein z is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 and R2 is hydroxy, hydrogen or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and
A and B are each hydrogen or together are (CH2)w wherein w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
33. A compound of the Formula XVII:
155
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein
Ar1 is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
X is O, NR, or (CH2)n wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 and R1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
U is hydroxy or hydrogen;
Z is (CHR2)z wherein z is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and R2 is hydroxy, hydrogen or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
Q is CHCH or CC;
R3 is hydrogen, hydroxy or hydroxy substituted lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and
Y is hydrogen, hydroxy, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
34. A quaternary ammonium salt of the compounds of any one of claims 1-33, obtained by reacting the compound with a lower alkyl halide or methyl sulfate.
35. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1-33 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
36. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 34 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
37. A method of treating or preventing neuronal loss associated with stroke, ischemia, CNS trauma, hypoglycemia or surgery, or treating a neurodegenerative disease, or treating or preventing the adverse consequences of the overstimulation of the excitatory amino acids, or treating anxiety, psychosis, glaucoma, CMV retinitis, urinary incontinence, migraine headache, convulsions, aminoglycoside antibiotics-induced hearing loss, Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain or inducing anesthesia, opioid tolerance or withdrawal, or enhancing cognition, comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-33.
38. A method of treating or preventing neuronal loss associated with stroke, ischemia, CNS trauma, hypoglycemia or surgery, or treating a neurodegenerative disease, or treating or preventing the adverse consequences of the overstimulation of the excitatory amino acids, or treating anxiety, psychosis, glaucoma, CMV retinitis, urinary incontinence, migraine headache, convulsions, aminoglycoside antibiotics-induced hearing loss, Parkinson’s disease, chronic pain or inducing anesthesia, opioid tolerance or withdrawal, or enhancing cognition, comprising administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of claim 34.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein said compound is administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
40. The method of claim 38, wherein said compound is administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.