1. An image forming method comprising steps of;
cleaning a toner remaining on a photoreceptor surface by a cleaning blade which is arranged on a counter direction to a rotation direction of the photoreceptor,
supplying a fatty acid metal salt onto the photoreceptor surface after the cleaning,
spreading the supplied fatty acid metal salt on the photoreceptor surface by using a spreading blade which is arranged on a trail direction with respect to the rotation direction of the photoreceptor,
charging the photoreceptor by a charging member,
exposing the photoreceptor to form a latent image,
developing the latent image by a developer to form a toner image on the photoreceptor, and
transferring the toner image onto an image receiving member by a transfer roller which faces to the photoreceptor through the image receiving material,
wherein the toner comprises a binder resin and a colorant, in which the toner has a glass transition point of from 20 to 45\xb0 C. and the binder resin contains 50% or more of vinyl polymer resin by weight based on the whole weight of the binder resin.
2. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the binder resin contains 80% or more of the vinyl polymer resin by weight based on the whole weight of the binder resin.
3. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the vinyl polymer resin is composed of at least one kind of a monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene or its derivatives, methacrylic acid ester or its derivatives, acrylic acid ester or its derivatives, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
4. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the vinyl polymer resin is a copolymer of copolymerizable monomers comprising at least one kind of a monomer selected from the group consisting of propyl acrylate, propylmethacrylate, butylacrylate, 2-ethyhexylacrylate and laurylacrylate, and a monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid.
5. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the toner is a core shell toner.
6. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is a metal salt of a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid having 10 or less carbon atoms.
7. The image forming method of claim 6, wherein the fatty acid metal salt comprises one or more kinds of compounds selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, indium stearate, gallium stearate, zinc stearate, lithium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, aluminum palmitate and aluminum oleate.
8. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the spreading blade is touched to the photoreceptor at an obtuse angle.
9. The image forming method of claim 8, wherein the spreading blade is touched to the photoreceptor at 135-180\xb0.
10. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning blade is touched to the photoreceptor at an acute angle.
11. The image forming method of claim 10, wherein the cleaning blade is touched to the photoreceptor at 5-35\xb0.
12. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning blade is composed of urethane rubber, silicone rubber, fluorine-containing rubber, chloroprene rubber or butadiene rubber.
13. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the spreading blade is composed of urethane rubber, silicone rubber, fluorine-containing rubber, chloroprene rubber or butadiene rubber.
14. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is supplied onto the photoreceptor surface in an amount of from 0-1 to 0.5 mgm2.
15. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is supplied onto the photoreceptor surface in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.3 mgm2.
16. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the charging member is not in contact with the photoreceptor.
17. The image forming method of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid metal salt is supplied onto the photoreceptor surface by a brush roller.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A filter comprising:
an array of acoustic resonators which cooperate to establish a target passband of frequencies having a high frequency end and a low frequency end, said acoustic resonators being configured such that said target passband has an insertion loss profile in which a minimum insertion loss is located at least near said high frequency end of said target passband, said minimum insertion loss being substantially less than insertion loss at said low frequency end of said target passband.
2. The filter of claim 1 wherein said acoustic resonators are configured such that a maximum insertion loss of said within said target passband is located at least near said low frequency end of said target passband.
3. The filter of claim 2 wherein said acoustic resonators are configured such that said insertion loss profile progressively declines from said location of minimum insertion loss to said location of maximum insertion loss.
4. The filter of claim 1 wherein said acoustic resonators are configured such that there is a steep roll-off adjacent to said high frequency end of said target passband and there is a generally gradual roll-off adjacent to said low frequency end.
5. The filter of claim 1 wherein said acoustic resonators are film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) interconnected in a topology that includes series FBARs coupled in series and includes shunt FBARs coupled between adjacent series FBARs.
6. The filter of claim 5 wherein said series FBARs have resonant frequencies that determine passband characteristics at said high frequency end and wherein said shunt FBARs have resonant frequencies that determine passband characteristics at said low frequency end.
7. The filter of claim 6 wherein said resonant frequencies of said series and shunt FBARs are selected for use of said array as a transmitter portion in a duplexer.
8. The filter of claim 5 wherein said series and shunt FBARs establish said target passband to have a target frequency range of approximately 1850 MHz to approximately 1910 MHz.
9. A filter comprising:
a plurality of series FBARs coupled in electrical series, said series FBARs being configured and being cooperative to provide first response characteristics at a first side of a filter response over a selected bandwidth, said first response characteristics including a steep roll-off from a first filter response region of minimum attenuation; and
at least one shunt FBAR connected between adjacent series FBARs to provide second response characteristics at a second side of said filter response over said selected bandwidth, said second response characteristics having a minimum attenuation that is substantially greater than said minimum attenuation of said first filter response region, said filter response thereby being asymmetric about a center frequency of said target bandwidth.
10. The filter of claim 9 wherein said second response characteristics exhibit a gradual roll-off outside of said selected bandwidth.
11. The filter of claim 9 wherein said series and shunt FBARs have resonant frequencies such that said selected bandwidth has a frequency range of 1850 MHz to 1910 MHz.
12. The filter of claim 9 wherein said filter response defined by said series and shunt FBARs has a gradually increasing attenuation from said first filter response region through said second side of said filter response.
13. The filter of claim 9 wherein attenuation of said first and second sides is tailored by selectively adjusting at least one of effective coupling coefficients and impedances of said series and shunt FBARs.
14. A method of forming a filter comprising:
fabricating a plurality of FBARs, said FBARs having at least two resonant frequencies; and
interconnecting said FBARs such that said FBARs are cooperative to provide a selected filter response over a passband of interest, said steps of fabricating and interconnecting including defining a region of low attenuation at a first frequency end of said passband of interest and a region of substantially higher attenuation at a second frequency end of said passband of interest.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said step of interconnecting said FBARs includes connecting first FBARs in series and connecting second FBARs, with said first FBARs defining filter response characteristics at said first frequency end and with said second FBARs defining filter response characteristics at said second frequency end.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein said steps of fabricating and interconnecting include establishing said selected filter response to provide a progressive increase in attenuation from said region of low attenuation to said region of substantially higher attenuation.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said step of fabricating includes tailoring effective coupling coefficients and impedances of said FBARs to achieve said selected filter response.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein said steps of fabricating and interconnecting include providing a steep roll-off adjacent to said passband of interest at said first frequency end and providing a gradual roll-off adjacent to said second frequency end, said first frequency end being a high frequency end of said passband.