1. A composite composition comprising the reaction product of a mixture of a styrenic polymer; a polar component having nucleophilic functional groups and selected from the group consisting of glass, polyamides, and mixtures thereof, and from 1\u20133 wt % of a compatibilizer having the formula:
Ry(I)-(styrene)n-(styrene)m(X)p\u2014I(Ry)
wherein:
R is the residue of a nitroxide used to regulate the polymerization of the compatibilizer;
I is the residue of a radical initiator used to initiate polymerization of the compatibilizer;
n is an integer from 50 to 750;
m is an integer from 0 to 10; p is an integer from 1 to 50;
y is an integer from 0 to 1; and
X is selected from the group consisting of maleic anhydride, tert.-butyl acrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polar component having nucleophilic functional groups is selected from the group consisting of glass fibers, polyamide-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-12, and mixtures thereof.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polar component having nucleophilic functional groups is selected from the group consisting of polyamide-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-12, and mixtures thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein m is 0 and X is maleic anhydride.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein m is 0 and X is tert.-butyl acrylate.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein m is 0 and X is glycidyl methacrylate.
7. The composition of claim 3 wherein m is 0 and X is maleic anhydride.
8. The composition of claim 3 wherein m is 0 and X is tert.-butyl acrylate.
9. The composition of claim 3 wherein m is 0 and X is glycidyl methacrylate.
10. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compatibilizer is (polystyrene-co-maleic anhydride)-block-polystyrene or polystyrene-block-tert-butyl acrylate polymer wherein the number average molecular weight, Mn, of the polystyrene block is 25,000\u201345,000 and the maleic anhydride or butyl acrylate is either a single unit on the end of the polystyrene chain or is present in a poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) or poly(butyl acrylate) block having an Mn of from 1000\u20137000.
11. The composition of claim 1 wherein I is the residue of a peroxide, an alkyl-azo compound, or an alkoxyamine compound.
12. The composition of claim 1 wherein y is 1 and R is the residue of stable free radical compound that is a polymerization inhibitor having the structural formula:
wherein: R1 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and heteroatom-substituted alkyl and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and heteroatom-substituted alkyl; and X1 and X2
(1) are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, COOR11 (wherein R11 is alkyl or aryl), amido, \u2014S\u2014C6H5, \u2014S\u2014COCH3, \u2014OCOC2H5, carbonyl, alkenyl, or alkyl of 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or
(2) can be taken together to form a ring structure with the nitrogen of five, six, or seven members.
13. The composition of claim 12 wherein the stable free radical compound is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-one-1-oxyl.
14. The composition of claim 1 wherein the styrenic polymer is a polymer or copolymer of styrene.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An implant for maintaining an artificial opening in a wall of a body organ, the implant comprising:
a support member having a proximal portion, a mid portion, a distal portion, and an interior passage extending therethrough, where the proximal, and distal portions are all expandable and the proximal and distal portions are expandable to a greater size than the mid portion so that the support member forms a grommet shape; and
a composition located on the support member and comprising an antiproliferative agent, where the agent comprises a first amount of paclitaxel and a second amount of an active derivative or analog of paclitaxel.
2. The implant of claim 1, where the composition further comprises a polymer.
3. The implant of claim 1, where the composition comprises an amount of antiproliferative agent that does not exhibit substantial cytotoxicity but controls the healing response by suppressing hyperplasia of lung tissue, to maintain patency of an artificial opening located in the airway which allows for maintaining air passage between the opening and parenchyma for a sufficient time until the healing response of the lung tissue subsides such that the opening essentially becomes a natural airway passage.
4. The implant of claim 2, where the composition comprises both a release rate and an amount of antiproliferative substance sufficient to modify a healing response of the airway wall resulting from creation of the opening.
5. The implant of claim 2, where the polymer is selected from a group consisting of thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, acrylate polymers, a blend of acrylate-methacrylate polymers, silicone elastomers, urethane elastomers, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, PLA-PGA, PLA, PGA, polyortho-ester, polycapralactone, polyester, hydrogels, polystyrene, co-polymers of styrene-isobutylene-styrene, and combinations or blends thereof.
6. The conduit of claim 2, further comprising a dye located in the polymer to aid in identification of the implant during placement.
7. The implant of claim 2, where the composition fully covers an outer surface of the support member.
8. The implant of claim 7, where the polymer fully encapsulates an interior surface of the support member.
9. The implant of claim 2, where the support member comprises a second polymeric material.
10. The implant of claim 9, where the polymer and second polymeric material are bioabsorbable.
11. The implant of claim 1, where the support structure has at least one pocket where the antiproliferative substance is located in the pocket, and further comprising a polymer at least covering the pocket to act as a barrier to release.
12. The implant of claim 1, where the support member comprises a metallic material.
13. The implant of claim 1, where the support member comprises a plurality of members forming a mesh having a plurality of interstices.
14. The implant of claim 13, where the composition further comprises a polymer covering the members but not the interstices.
15. The implant of claim 13, the support member includes a plurality of folded control members that unfold upon expansion of the support member to limit an expanded diameter of the support member.
16. The implant of claim 15, where the folded control members form a shape selected from a group consisting of an s-shape, a v-shape, a u-shape, and a sinusoidal shape.
17. The implant of claim 1, where a ratio of the first amount of paclitaxel to the second amount of the active derivative or analog of paclitaxel comprises at least 3 to 1.
18. The implant of claim 17, where first amount of paclitaxel comprises at least 200 micrograms.
19. The implant of claim 17, where the second amount of the active derivative or analog of paclitaxel comprises at least 50 micrograms.
20. The implant of claim 1, where the active derivative or analog of paclitaxel comprises 7-epitaxol.
21. The implant of claim 1, where the antiproliferative substance further comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and d-actinomycin, and a combination thereof.
23. The implant of claim 1, further comprising a mucus affecting substance.
24. The implant of claim 23, where the mucus affecting substance is selected from a group consisting of mucolytics, rhDnase, and a combination thereof.
25. The implant of claim 1, further comprising at least one visualization mark disposed on a portion of the support member.
26. The implant of claim 26, where the visualization mark comprises a stripe circumferentially disposed about at least a portion the support member.
27. The implant of claim 1, further comprising a one-way valve in fluid communication with the interior passage.
28. The implant of claim 1, further comprising an antibiotic substance carried on or within the support member.
29. The implant of claim 1, further comprising a barrier located within the support member.
30. The implant of claim 1, further comprising a fibrin reducing substance.
31. The implant of claim 31, where the fibrin reducing substance is selected from a group consisting of streptokinase, urokinase, and tissue plasminogen activator.