What is claimed is:
1. A process of hydrogenating a nitrile copolymer rubber, which comprises the step of subjecting the copolymer rubber to hydrogenation in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, a co-catalyst, and a proton acceptor that is non-coordinating with the metal-complex catalyst.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is a triacylglycerol comprising epoxide moieties.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is a molecule of formula:
9
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are, independently of each other, hydrogen or a group of formula:
10
where n1 to7,
x1 to 3, and
m 1 to 6.
wherein at least one of R1, R2 or R3 is other than hydrogen.
4. A process according to claim 3, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is a member selected from the group consisting of epoxidized soy bean oil, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized corn oil, epoxidized coconut oil, epoxidized cottonseed oil, epoxidized olive oil, epoxidized palm oil, epoxidized palm kernel oil, epoxidized peanut oil, epoxidized cod liver oil, epoxidized tung oil, epoxidized beef tallow, and epoxidized butter, and mixture of two or more of the said members.
5. A process according to claim 4, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is epoxidized soy bean oil.
6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is a primary amine.
7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer comprises from 95 to 50% by weight of a conjugated diene, from 5 to 50% by weight of an unsaturated nitrile and from 0 to 45% by weight of a copolymerizable monomer.
8. A process according to claim 7, wherein the conjugated diene is 1,3 butadiene.
9. A process according to claim 7, wherein the unsaturated nitrile is acrylonitrile.
10. A process according to claim 7, wherein the unsaturated nitrile is methacrylonitrile.
11. A process according to claim 7, wherein the copolymerizable monomer is an , -unsaturated carboxylic acid.
12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the , -unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid.
13. A process according to claim 11, wherein the , -unsaturated carboxylic acid is methacrylic acid.
14. A process according to claim 1, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is used in the range of from 0.3 to 20 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of copolymer.
15. A process according to claim 14, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is used in the range of from 0.5 to 10 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of copolymer.
16. A process according to claim 15, wherein the non-coordinating proton acceptor is used in the range of from 0.5 to 5 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of copolymer.
17. A process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is selected from the group consisting of rhodium, platinum, iridium, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, copper, and complexes of these metals.
18. A process according to claim 17, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is a rhodium-complex catalyst.
19. A process according to claim 18, wherein the rhodium-complex catalyst is a complex compound of the following formula:
(RmB)iRhXn
wherein,
R is a C1-C8 alkyl, C6-C15 aryl, or C7-C15 aralkyl;
B is P, As, S, or S(O);
X is Cl or Br;
I is 2, 3 or 4;
m is 2 or 3;
and n is 1, 2or 3.
20. A process according to claim 19, wherein I is 3, and n is 1 or 3.
21. A process according to claim 18, wherein the rhodium-complex catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tris(triphenylphosphine)-rhodium(I) chloride, tris(triphenylphosphine)-rhodium(III) chloride and tris(dimethyl sulfoxide)-rhodium(III) chloride.
22. A process according to claim 18, wherein the rhodium-complex catalyst is used in an amount of from 0.01 to 1.0% by weight of the dissolved copolymer.
23. A process according to claim 22, wherein the rhodium-complex catalyst is used in an amount of from 0.02 to 0.6% by weight of the dissolved copolymer.
24. A process according to claim 23, wherein the rhodium-complex catalyst is used in an amount of from 0.03 to 0.2% by weight of the dissolved copolymer.
25. A process according to claim 24, wherein the co-catalyst is a compound of formula RmB, wherein,
R is a C1-C8 alkyl, C6-C15 aryl, or C7-C15 arakyl;
B is P, As, S, or S(O);
and m is 2 or 3.
26. A process according to claim 25, wherein the co-catalyst is triphenylphosphine.
27. A process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of co-catalyst is in the range 0.1 to 33 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of copolymer.
28. A process according to claim 27, wherein the amount of co-catalyst is in the range 0.2 to 20 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of copolymer.
29. A process according to claim 28, wherein the amount of co-catalyst is in the range 0.3 to 5 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of copolymer.
30. A process according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst to co-catalyst is in the range of 1:3 to 1:66.
31. A process according to claim 1, wherein the reduction is performed in a halogenated aromatic solvent of 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
32. A process according to claim 31, wherein the halogenated aromatic solvent is monochlorobenzene.
33. A process according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer that is subjected to selective hydrogenation has a molecular weight greater than about 60,000.
34. A process according to claim 33, wherein the copolymer that is subjected to selective hydrogenation has a molecular weight greater than about 100,000.
35. A process according to claim 1, which is carried out at a temperature in the range of 40 C. to 160 C. and a pressure in the range 10 to 250 atmospheres.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A wireless transmitter which performs reconfiguration for high mobility and high throughput, the wireless transmitter comprising:
an operation mode decision unit configured to decide an operation mode depending on mobility, a required data rate, and wireless link performance;
a clock generation unit configured to generate a plurality of clock signals;
a selection unit configured to select necessary clock signals among the plurality of clock signals generated by the clock generation unit according to the operation mode decided by the operation mode decision unit; and
at least one or more digital modulation units configured to modulate transmitted data by adjusting a signal bandwidth of a frequency domain and a transmission time of a time domain using the clock signals selected by the selection unit.
2. The wireless transmitter of claim 1, wherein the operation mode decision unit decides the operation mode by using a current traffic volume and a time domain parameter.
3. The wireless transmitter of claim 1, wherein the operation mode decision unit decides the operation mode by using a current traffic volume and a frequency domain parameter.
4. The wireless transmitter of claim 1, wherein the operation mode decision unit decides the operation mode by using a request frame and a response frame with a corresponding station.
5. The wireless transmitter of claim 4, wherein the operation mode decision unit determines the operation mode by using a signal field of a media access control (MAC) frame.
6. The wireless transmitter of claim 5, wherein the operation mode decision unit determines the operation mode by using a reserved bit of the signal field of the MAC frame.
7. The wireless transmitter of claim 6, wherein the operation mode decision unit determines the operation mode by using a combination of reserved bits of plural signal fields.
8. A wireless transmitter which performs reconfiguration for high mobility and high throughput, the wireless transmitter comprising:
an operation mode decision unit configured to decide an operation mode depending on mobility, a required data rate, and wireless link performance; and
at least one or more digital modulation units configured to modulate transmitted data by adjusting a cyclic prefix length according to the operation mode decided by the operation mode decision unit.
9. The wireless transmitter of claim 8, wherein the operation mode decision unit decides the operation mode by using a current traffic volume and a time domain parameter.
10. The Wireless transmitter of claim 8, wherein the operation mode decision unit decides the operation mode by using a current traffic volume and a frequency domain parameter.
11. The wireless transmitter of claim 8, wherein the operation mode decision unit decides the operation mode by using a request frame and a response frame with a corresponding station.
12. The wireless transmitter of claim 11, wherein the operation mode decision unit determines the operation mode by using a short guard interval (GI) field of a signal field of a MAC frame.
13. A mode control method in a wireless transmitter which performs reconfiguration for high mobility and high throughput, the mode control method comprising:
deciding a mode depending on a supportable data rate and a required traffic volume;
determining a current wireless link state by using a time domain parameter; and
deciding a physical layer mode for increasing or decreasing a mobility level or a data rate according to the result of said determining the current wireless link state by using the time domain parameter.
14. The mode control method of claim 13, wherein, in said determining the current wireless link state by using the time domain parameter, a measured maximum excess delay value and a current cyclic prefix length are compared.
15. The mode control method of claim 14, wherein, in said deciding the physical layer mode for increasing or decreasing the mobility level or the data rate according to the result of said determining the current wireless link state by using the time domain parameter,
when the measured maximum excess delay value is larger than the current cyclic prefix length, a physical layer mode for increasing the mobility level or decreasing the data rate is decided, and
when the measured maximum excess delay value is smaller than the current cyclic prefix length, a physical layer mode for decreasing the mobility level or increasing the data rate is decided.
16. The mode control method of claim 13, further comprising aggregating packets or fragmentizing a packet, depending on a coherence time and a packet length, after said deciding the physical layer mode for increasing or decreasing the mobility level or the data rate according to the result of said determining the current wireless link state by using the time domain parameter.
17. A mode control method in a wireless transmitter which performs reconfiguration for supporting high mobility and high throughput, the mode control method comprising:
deciding a mode depending on a supportable data rate and a required traffic volume;
determining a current wireless link state by using a frequency domain parameter; and
deciding a physical layer mode for increasing or decreasing a mobility level or a data rate, according to the result of said determining the current wireless link state by using the frequency domain parameter.
18. The mode control method of claim 17, wherein, in said determining the current wireless link state by using the frequency domain parameter, a measured maximum Doppler shift and a current carrier spacing are compared.
19. The mode control method of claim 18, wherein, in said deciding the physical layer mode for increasing or decreasing the mobility level or the data rate, depending on the result of said determining the current wireless link state by using the frequency domain parameter,
when the measured maximum Doppler shift is larger than the current carrier spacing, a physical layer mode for decreasing the mobility level or increasing the data rate is decided, and
when the measured maximum Doppler shift is smaller than the current carrier spacing, a physical layer mode for increasing the mobility level or decreasing the data rate is decided.