1. A method of forming a shaped charge comprising:
creating a mixture of metal powder and a binder;
molding said mixture into a liner shape with an injection molding device;
debinding the binder from the liner shape to form a liner without sintering, wherein the dimensions of the liner are substantially the same as the dimensions of the liner shape;
adding explosive to a shaped charge case; and
inserting the liner into the shaped charge case to form a shaped charge.
2. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 1, wherein said metal powder is selected from the group consisting of tungsten, uranium, hafnium, tantalum, nickel, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, zinc, tin, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, palladium, coated metal particles, and combinations thereof.
3. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 1, wherein said binder is selected from the group consisting of a polyolefin, an acrylic resin, a styrene resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin, a higher fatty acid, a higher alcohol, a higher fatty acid ester, a higher fatty acid amide, a wax-polymer, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of forming a shaped charge liner of claim 1 wherein said step of debinding comprises chemical debinding.
5. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 1 wherein said step of debinding further comprises treating said liner shape with a debinding agent.
6. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 5, wherein said debinding agent is selected from the group consisting of water, nitric acid, organic solvents, and combinations thereof.
7. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 5 further comprising heating said liner shape for removing remaining binder from said liner shape.
8. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 1 further comprising forming a shaped charge with said shaped charge liner, disposing the shaped charge within a perforating gun, combining the perforating gun with a perforating system, disposing the perforating gun within a wellbore, and detonating the shaped charge.
9. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 1 wherein said step of debinding comprises thermal debinding.
10. A method of forming a shaped charge comprising:
combining powdered metal with organic binder to form a mixture;
passing the mixture through an injection molding device;
ejecting the mixture from the injection molding device into a mold thereby forming a liner shape in the mold;
debinding the binder from the liner shape to form a liner,
wherein the liner shape is not sintered and wherein the liner dimensions are substantially the same as the liner shape dimensions;
adding explosive to a shaped charge case; and
inserting the liner into the shaped charge case to form a shaped charge.
11. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 10 wherein said metal powder is selected from the group consisting of tungsten, uranium, hafnium, tantalum, nickel, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, zinc, tin, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, palladium, coated metal particles, and combinations thereof.
12. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 10, wherein said binder is selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, acrylic resins, styrene resins, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin, higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, higher fatty acid esters, higher fatty acid amides, a wax-polymer, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 10 wherein the step of debinding further comprises adding a debinding agent to the liner shape, wherein the debinding agent is selected from the group consisting of water, nitric acid, and organic solvents.
14. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 13 further comprising placing the liner shape in a vacuum.
15. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 10 wherein the step of debinding further comprises heating the liner shape thereby removing residual binder within the liner shape thereby forming a liner product.
16. The method of forming a shaped charge claim 10 further comprising disposing the shaped charge within a perforating gun, combining the perforating gun with a perforating system, disposing the perforating gun within a wellbore, and detonating the shaped charge.
17. A method of forming a shaped charge comprising:
forming a mixture by combining metal powder with a binder;
processing said mixture with an injection molding apparatus;
discharging said mixture into a mold thereby forming said liner;
removing said liner from the mold, without debinding or sintering the liner;
adding explosive to a shaped charge case; and
inserting the liner into the shaped charge case thereby forming a shaped charge.
18. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 17, wherein said metal powder is selected from the group consisting of tungsten, uranium, hafnium, tantalum, nickel, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, zinc, tin, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, palladium, coated metal particles, and combinations thereof.
19. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 17, wherein said binder is selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, acrylic resins, styrene resins, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin, higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, higher fatty acid esters, higher fatty acid amides, wax-polymer, and combinations thereof.
20. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 17, wherein said liner formed in the mold is a green product.
21. A method of forming a shaped charge comprising:
creating a mixture of metal powder and a binder;
molding said mixture into a charge case shape with an injection molding device; debinding the binder from the charge case shape without sintering to form a shaped charge case, wherein the shaped charge case dimensions are substantially the same as the charge case shape dimensions;
adding explosive into the shaped charge case; and
inserting a shaped charge liner into the shaped charge case thereby forming a shaped charge.
22. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 21, wherein said metal powder is selected from the group consisting of steel, tungsten, uranium, hafnium, tantalum, nickel, copper, molybdenum, lead, bismuth, zinc, tin, silver, gold, antimony, cobalt, zinc alloys, tin alloys, nickel, palladium, monel, inconel, aluminum and combinations thereof.
23. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 21, wherein said binder is selected from the group consisting of polyolefines, acrylic resins, styrene resins, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyvinyl alcohol, paraffin, higher fatty acids, higher alcohols, higher fatty acid esters, higher fatty acid amides, wax-polymer, acetyl based, water soluble, agar water based and water solublecross-linked.
24. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 21 wherein said step of debinding comprising chemical debinding and thermal debinding.
25. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 21 wherein said step of debinding further comprises treating said liner shape with a debinding agent.
26. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 25, wherein said debinding agent is selected from the group consisting of water, nitric acid, and organic solvents.
27. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 25 further comprising heating said charge case shape for removing remaining binder from said charge case shape.
28. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 21 further comprising forming a shaped charge with said shaped charge case, disposing the shaped charge within a perforating gun, combining the perforating gun with a perforating system, disposing the perforating gun within a wellbore, and detonating the shaped charge.
29. The method of forming a shaped charge of claim 21, wherein said case formed in the injection molding device is a green product.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A device for stimulable light emission, comprising:
a fiber mat including,
nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in a range between 100 and 2000 nm and having a surface pore on at least one of the nanofibers increasing a surface area of the at least one of the nanofibers; and
plural light stimulable particles disposed in association with the nanofibers and configured to produce secondary light emission upon receiving primary light at a visible wavelength \u03bb; and
said average fiber diameter being comparable in size to the wavelength \u03bb in order to provide scattering sites within the fiber mat for the primary light at the visible wavelength \u03bb.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range between 300 to 600 nm.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range between 400 nm to 500 nm.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range of 0.50 to 1.50 of the wavelength \u03bb.
5. The device of claim 4, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range of 0.9 to 1.10 of the wavelength \u03bb.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the wavelength \u03bb is in a range between 300 and 600 nanometers.
7. The device of claim 6, wherein the wavelength \u03bb is in a range between 400 and 500 nanometers.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the fiber mat has a thickness in a range between 0.01 microns and 2,000 microns.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the fiber mat has a thickness in a range between 1 to 500 microns.
10. The device of claim 1, wherein the stimulable particles comprise luminescent particles.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the luminescent particles comprise at least one of quantum dots and nano-phosphors.
12. The device of claim 11, wherein the quantum dots comprise at least one of silicon, germanium, indium phosphide, indium gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, lead sulfide, copper oxide, copper selenide, gallium phosphide, mercury sulfide, mercury selenide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc silicate, titanium sulfide, titanium oxide, and tin oxide.
13. The device of claim 11, wherein the nano-phosphors comprise at least one of a rare-earth doped metal oxide including Y2O3:Tb, Y2O3:Eu3+, Lu2O3:Eu3+, CaTiO3:Pr3+, CaO:Er3+, and (GdZn)O:Eu3+, a rare-earth doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) including YAG:Ce3+, a rare-earth doped zirconium oxide including ZrO2:Sm3+ and ZrO2:Er3+, rare earth doped vanadates and phosphates including (YVO4:Eu) and (La,Ce,Tb)PO4, doped materials having a host matrix including one Gd2O3, GdO2S, PbO, ZnO, ZnS, and ZnSe and including one of a dopant of Eu, Tb, Tm and Mn, and metal-doped forms of zinc sulfide and zinc selenide including ZnS:Mn2+ and ZnS:Cu+.
14. The device of claim 11, wherein the nano-phosphors comprise at least one of rare-Earth doped YAG, rare-Earth doped ZnS, and rare-Earth doped ZnSe.
15. The device of claim 1, wherein the stimulable particles comprise a plurality of color-distinctive light emitters configured to produce respective secondary light emissions from the primary light.
16. The device of claim 15, wherein the primary light transmitted from the fiber mat and the secondary light emissions from the fiber mat produce a resultant white light having a color rendering index greater than 70.
17. The device of claim 15, wherein the primary light transmitted from the fiber mat and the secondary light emissions from the fiber mat produce a resultant white light having a color rendering index greater than 80.
18. The device of claim 15, wherein the secondary light emissions from the fiber mat produce a resultant white light having a color rendering index greater than 70.
19. The device of claim 15, wherein the secondary light emissions from the fiber mat produce a resultant white light having a color rendering index greater than 80.
20. The device of claim 1, wherein the stimulable particles are disposed on surfaces or within a volume of the nanofibers or within the surface pores.
21. The device of claim 1, wherein the stimulable particles are entrained in the fiber mat.
22. The device of claim 1, further comprising:
a transparent encapsulant encasing the fiber mat.
23. The device of claim 1, further comprising:
a light emitting diode configured to produce the primary light.
24. The device of claim 23, further comprising:
a transparent encapsulant encasing the light emitting diode and the fiber mat.
25. The device of claim 1, wherein the nanofiber comprise at least one of organic and inorganic fibers.
26. The device of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers comprise polymers including at least one of poly(alkyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene oxide), polystyrene, polysulfone, polylactides, polycarbonate, polyamides, poly(vinyl alcohol), derivatives thereof and related polymers, polysilicones, polysulfones, and combinations thereof.
27. The device of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers include additives to alter at least one of a refractive index and an electrical conductivity of the nanofibers in the fiber mat.
28. The device of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers comprise two groups of fibers.
29. The device of claim 28, wherein the two groups comprise fibers having different materials.
30. The device of claim 28, wherein the two groups comprise fibers having different average fiber diameters.
31. A lamp comprising:
a primary light source configured to emit visible light;
a fiber mat including,
nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in a range between 100 and 2000 nm and having a surface pore on at least one of the nanofibers increasing a surface area of the at least one of the nanofibers, and
plural light stimulable particles disposed in association with the nanofibers and the surface pores and configured to produce secondary light emission upon receiving light from the primary light source at a visible wavelength \u03bb; and
said average fiber diameter being comparable in size to the wavelength \u03bb in order to provide scattering sites within the fiber mat for the primary light at the visible wavelength \u03bb.
32. The lamp of claim 31, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range between 400 nm to 500 nm.
33. The lamp of claim 31, wherein the wavelength \u03bb is in a range between 400 and 500 nanometers.
34. The lamp of claim 31, wherein the fiber mat has a thickness in a range between 1 to 500 microns.
35. The lamp of claim 31, wherein the stimulable particles comprise at least one of quantum dots and nano-phosphors.
36. The lamp of claim 31, wherein the stimulable particles comprise a plurality of color-distinctive light emitters configured to produce respective secondary light emissions from the primary light.
37. The lamp of claim 31, further comprising:
a transparent encapsulant encasing the primary light source and the fiber mat.
38. The lamp of claim 31, wherein the primary light source comprise at least one of a light emitting diode, a light emitting diode array, a laser, and a laser diode array.
39. A device for light scattering, comprising:
a fiber mat including,
nanofibers having an average fiber diameter in a range between 100 and 2000 nm and having a surface pore on at least one of the nanofibers increasing a surface area of the at least one of the nanofibers; and
said nanofibers and said surface pore providing scattering sites within the fiber mat for the visible light at a wavelength \u03bb.
40. The device of claim 39, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range between 300 to 600 nm.
41. The device of claim 40, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range between 400 nm to 500 nm.
42. The device of claim 39, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range of 0.50 to 1.50 of the wavelength \u03bb.
43. The device of claim 42, wherein the average fiber diameter is in a range of 0.9 to 1.10 of the wavelength \u03bb.
44. The device of claim 39, wherein the wavelength \u03bb is in a range between 380 and 600 nanometers.
45. The device of claim 44, wherein the wavelength \u03bb is in a range between 400 and 500 nanometers.
46. The device of claim 39, wherein the fiber mat has a thickness in a range between 0.01 microns and 2,000 microns.
47. The device of claim 39, wherein the fiber mat has a thickness in a range between 1 to 500 microns.
48. The device of claim 39, further comprising:
a transparent encapsulate encasing the fiber mat.