1. An illumination device comprising an elongate body having a distal end, a proximal end, and a hollow interior dimensioned to accommodate a plurality of light transmitters, the proximal end of the elongate body including at least two proximal members, each proximal member having a hollow interior to accommodate at least one light transmitter and in communication with the hollow interior of the elongate body so that the at least one light transmitter extends from the proximal end of the elongate body to the distal end of the elongate body.
2. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein the at least two proximal members comprises three optical fibers.
3. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein at the distal end the at least two proximal end members form a hollow interior dimensioned to accommodate at least one optical fiber.
4. The apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the at least two proximal members comprises a first proximal member, a second proximal member, and a third proximal member;
the first proximal member, the second proximal member and the third proximal member each have an equal inner diameter; and
the proximal end of the elongate body further includes a fourth proximal member having an inner diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the first proximal member and the second proximal member.
5. An illumination device comprising an elongate body having a distal portion and a proximal portion, the distal portion comprising a unitary distal portion tube having a lumen, and the proximal portion including a plurality of proximal portion tubes, each proximal portion tube having a lumen in communication with the lumen of the distal portion tube of the elongate body.
6. The device as set forth in claim 5, wherein the distal portion and proximal portion of the elongate body are integrally formed.
7. The device as set forth in claim 5, and further comprising a first, a second, and a third, and a fourth proximal portion tube.
8. The device as set forth in claim 7, wherein three of the four proximal portion tubes have similar diameters.
9. The device as set forth in claim 7, wherein the first proximal portion tube, second and the third proximal portion tube each contain three optical fibers disposed in the lumen of the respective proximal portion tubes, and the fourth proximal portion tube contains one optical fibers disposed in the lumen of the fourth proximal portion tube.
10. The device as set forth in claim 9, wherein each of the first and second proximal portion tubes contains a plurality of optical fibers fused together.
11. The device as set forth in claim 5, wherein the elongate body is about 1.5 meters in length and the proximal portion of the elongate body is about 5 centimeters in length.
12. The device as set forth in claim 5, wherein the distal portion and the proximal portion are made of a flexible material.
13. The device as set forth in claim 5, wherein the distal portion includes a region that is rigid and straight relative to the proximal portion of the elongate body.
14. The device as set forth in claim 5, wherein the distal portion includes a light emitting output end, and the device further comprises at least one mirror distally located to the light emitting output end.
15. The device as set forth in claim 14, comprising a first mirror constructed to reflect electromagnetic energy provided by an erbium laser, and a second mirror constructed to reflect visible light.
16. The device as set forth in claim 14, further comprising a hand piece dimensioned to be held by a user’s hand, the hand piece being coupled to the distal end of the elongate body to direct electromagnetic energy from the hand piece.
17. The device as set forth in any of claims 1-16, wherein the device further comprises a fluid output for directing fluid toward a target surface when electromagnetic energy is directed from the hand piece.
18. The device as set forth in claim 17, wherein:
the device generates and outputs a laser beam;
the fluid comprises atomized fluid particles emitted from the fluid output above the target surface so that in use portions of the atomized fluid particles intersect the laser beam above the target surface.
19. The device as set forth in claim 18, wherein the target surface comprises one of bone, teeth, cartilage and soft tissue and the atomized fluid particles comprise water.
20. The device as set forth in claim 18, wherein the laser beam is configured to impart relatively large amounts of energy into the atomized fluid particles in the volume above the target surface to thereby expand the atomized fluid particles and impart disruptive forces onto the target surface.
21. The device as set forth in claim 20, wherein:
the fluid output is configured to place water into the volume; and
the device comprises one of an Er:YAG, an Er:YSGG, an Er, Cr:YSGG and a CTE:YAG laser.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A gallosilicate PST-1 zeolite having a framework structure consisting of oxides having a molar ratio shown in the following formula (1), the gallosilicate PST-1 zeolite being characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns including lattice distances shown in Table 11 below:
1.0K2O:1.0Ga2O3:2.3\u02dc2.7SiO2\u2003\u2003(1)
TABLE 11
2\u03b8
D
100 \xd7 II0
12.9~13.0
6.9~6.8
100
19.8~19.9
4.5~4.4
\u20025~10
20.4~20.5
4.4~4.3
1~5
25.9~26.0
3.5~3.4
10~15
29.1~29.2
3.1~3.0
\u20025~10
30.0~30.1
3.00~2.90
55~60
34.2~34.3
2.65~2.60
1~5
35.3~35.4
2.55~2.50
\u20025~10
35.4~35.5
2.55~2.50
10~15
37.0~37.1
2.45~2.40
1~5
44.4~44.5
2.05~2.00
1~5
wherein \u03b8, d and I indicate Bragg angle, lattice distance, and x-ray diffraction peak intensity, respectively.
2. A gallosilicate PST-1 zeolite having a framework structure consisting of oxides having a molar ratio shown in the following formula (1), the gallosilicate PST-1 zeolite being characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns including lattice distances shown Table 12 below:
1.0K2O:1.0Ga2O3:2.3\u02dc2.7SiO2\u2003\u2003(1)
TABLE 12
2\u03b8
D
100 \xd7 II0
12.9~13.0
6.9~6.8
50~100
14.9~15.0
6.0~5.9
1~30
19.8~19.9
4.5~4.4
5~30
20.4~20.5
4.4~4.3
1~5\u2002
23.6~23.7
3.8~3.7
1~5\u2002
25.9~26.0
3.5~3.4
5~10
27.0~27.1
3.3~3.2
1~5\u2002
28.7~28.8
3.2~3.1
1~20
29.1~29.2
3.1~3.0
5~10
30.0~30.1
3.00~2.90
55~100
33.2~33.3
2.70~2.65
1~5\u2002
34.2~34.3
2.65~2.60
1~20
35.3~35.4
2.55~2.50
5~20
35.4~35.5
2.55~2.50
5~20
37.0~37.1
2.45~2.40
1~5\u2002
41.5~41.6
2.20~2.15
0~5\u2002
42.2~42.3
2.15~2.10
1~5\u2002
43.4~43.5
2.10~2.05
0~5\u2002
44.4~44.5
2.05~2.00
1~5\u2002
46.6~46.7
1.95~1.90
0~5\u2002
wherein \u03b8, d and I indicate Bragg angle, lattice distance, and x-ray diffraction peak intensity, respectively.
3. A method for preparing a gallosilicate PST-1 zeolite having X-ray diffraction patterns including lattice distances shown in Table 11 below, the method comprising heating a compound represented by the following formula (2) at a temperature between 100\xb0 C. and 200\xb0 C. for 0.5\u02dc10 days:
xK2O:yGa2O3:10.0SiO2:zH2O\u2003\u2003(2)
wherein x=5\u02dc12 moles, y=0.5\u02dc5.0 moles, and z=60\u02dc300 moles;
TABLE 11
2\u03b8
D
100 \xd7 II0
12.9~13.0
6.9~6.8
100
19.8~19.9
4.5~4.4
\u20025~10
20.4~20.5
4.4~4.3
1~5
25.9~26.0
3.5~3.4
10~15
29.1~29.2
3.1~3.0
\u20025~10
30.0~30.1
3.00~2.90
55~60
34.2~34.3
2.65~2.60
1~5
35.3~35.4
2.55~2.50
\u20025~10
35.4~35.5
2.55~2.50
10~15
37.0~37.1
2.45~2.40
1~5
44.4~44.5
2.05~2.00
1~5.
4. A method for preparing a gallosilicate PST-1 zeolite having X-ray diffraction patterns including lattice distances shown in Table 12 below, the method comprising heating a compound represented by the following formula (2) at a temperature between 100\xb0 C. and 200\xb0 C. for 0.5\u02dc10 days:
xK2O:yGa2O3:10.0SiO2:zH2O\u2003\u2003(2)
wherein x=5\u02dc12 moles, y=0.5\u02dc5.0 moles, and z=60\u02dc300 moles;
TABLE 12
2\u03b8
D
100 \xd7 II0
12.9~13.0
6.9~6.8
50~100
14.9~15.0
6.0~5.9
1~30
19.8~19.9
4.5~4.4
5~30
20.4~20.5
4.4~4.3
1~5\u2002
23.6~23.7
3.8~3.7
1~5\u2002
25.9~26.0
3.5~3.4
5~10
27.0~27.1
3.3~3.2
1~5\u2002
28.7~28.8
3.2~3.1
1~20
29.1~29.2
3.1~3.0
5~10
30.0~30.1
3.00~2.90
55~100
33.2~33.3
2.70~2.65
1~5\u2002
34.2~34.3
2.65~2.60
1~20
35.3~35.4
2.55~2.50
5~20
35.4~35.5
2.55~2.50
5~20
37.0~37.1
2.45~2.40
1~5\u2002
41.5~41.6
2.20~2.15
0~5\u2002
42.2~42.3
2.15~2.10
1~5\u2002
43.4~43.5
2.10~2.05
0~5\u2002
44.4~44.5
2.05~2.00
1~5\u2002
46.6~46.7
1.95~1.90
0~5.\u2002
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the compound of formula (2) is transferred into a Teflon reactor which is then placed in a stainless steel reactor in which the compound is heated.