1. A method for generating a signal to synchronize DQ data transfer in memory interface design, the method comprising:
receiving a strobe signal having a preamble period before and post-amble period after data transfer burst synchronization signal edge transitions;
determining a timing location of the strobe signal preamble period;
determining a timing location of the strobe signal post-amble period; and
generating a clean strobe signal that tracks the data transfer burst synchronization edge transitions of the strobe signal after the strobe signal preamble begins and before the strobe signal post-amble ends based on the respective determined timing locations of the strobe signal preamble and post-amble periods.
2. The method of claim 1, further including phase adjusting the clean strobe signal such that transition edges of the clean strobe signal occur centered within the DQ signal eye.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the received strobe signal is a DQS signal.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a timing location of the strobe signal preamble period includes determining the midpoint of the strobe signal preamble period.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a timing location of the strobe signal preamble period further comprises:
generating a signal indicating the timing location of the strobe signal preamble period.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a timing location of the strobe signal post-amble period includes determining the starting point of the strobe signal post-amble period.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a timing location of the strobe signal post-amble period comprises:
receiving a signal indicating the timing location of the strobe signal preamble period;
counting the number of edge transitions of the strobe signal following the strobe signal preamble period;
generating a signal that indicates the timing location of the strobe signal post-amble period based on the counted number of edge transitions following the preamble period and a predetermined number of data bits transferred during each DQ transfer burst.
8. A digital system for generating a signal to synchronize DQ data transfer in memory interface design, the apparatus comprising:
a first input configured to receive a strobe signal having a preamble period before and post-amble period after data transfer burst synchronization signal edge transitions;
a second input configured to receive a signal indicating the timing location of the strobe signal preamble period;
a counter configured to count edge transitions of the received strobe signal that correspond with DQ data transfer following the preamble period and generate a corresponding output signal;
a first digital circuit configured to receive the output signal from the counter and a delayed output signal from the counter and to generate an output signal indicating the completion of strobe signal edge transitions corresponding with DQ data transfer based on the result of a logical AND operation performed on the output signal from the counter and the delayed output signal from the counter;
a trigger configured to assert a signal indicating when the strobe signal enters and exists the preamble and post-amble periods respectively, based on the signal received from the first digital circuit and the second input configured to receive a signal indicating the timing location of the strobe signal preamble period; and
a second digital circuit configured to receive the signal generated by the trigger and the received strobe signal and generate a output signal based on the result of a logical AND operation performed on the signal generated by the trigger and the received strobe signal.
9. The digital system of claim 8, wherein the first digital circuit is an AND gate.
10. The digital system of claim 8, wherein the second digital circuit is an AND gate.
11. The digital system of claim 8, wherein the received strobe signal is a DQS signal.
12. The digital system of claim 8, wherein the output signal of the second digital circuit is a cleaned DQS signal.
13. The digital system of claim 8, further including:
a delay cell configured to delay the output signal of the second digital circuit such that the output signal edge transitions occur centered within the signal eye of transferred DQ data.
14. The digital system of claim 8, wherein the signal indicating the timing location of the strobe signal preamble period indicates the timing location of the midpoint of the strobe signal preamble period.
15. The digital system of claim 8, wherein the trigger is a SetReset trigger.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A composition, comprising an effective amount of a therapeutic agent encapsulated by a milk-derived microvesicle.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the milk-derived microvesicle is a colostrum-derived microvesicle.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a phytochemical agent and a chemotherapeutic agent.
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the therapeutic agent is a phytochemical agent, and wherein the phytochemical agent is selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, delphinidin, cyanidin, withaferin A, tanshinone, bilberry anthocyanidins, and combinations thereof.
5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is a bilberry anthocyanidin mixture, punicalagin, withaferin A, or tanshinone.
6. The composition of claim 3, wherein the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent, and wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, or a combination thereof.
7. The composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more miRNA molecules in the milk-derived microvesicle.
8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the one or more miRNA molecules are selected from the group consisting of miR-155 and miR-223.
9. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a composition according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable vehicle, carrier, or excipient.
10. A method for isolating a microvesicle, comprising:
obtaining an amount of milk; and
subjecting the milk to a series of sequential centrifugations configured to yield greater than about 300 mg of microvesicles protein per 100 ml of milk.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the milk is raw milk.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the milk is colostrum.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the series of sequential centrifugations comprises:
a first centrifugation at 20,000\xd7g at 4\xb0 C. for 30 min;
a second centrifugation at 100,000\xd7g at 4\xb0 C. for 60 min; and
a third centrifugation at 120,000\xd7g at 4\xb0 C. for 90 min.
14. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of storing the isolated microvesicles at a concentration of about 5 mgml to about 10 mgml.
15. A method of modifying an immune response, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition including a therapeutic agent encapsulated by a milk-derived microvesicle.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from a phytochemical agent and an miRNA.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the therapeutic agent is a phytochemical agent, and wherein the phytochemical agent is selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, delphinidin, cyanidin, withaferin A, tanshinone, bilberry anthocyanidins, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the therapeutic agent is a miRNA, and wherein the miRNA is selected from the group consisting of miR-155 and miR-223.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein administering the composition reduces an amount of an inflammatory cytokine in a subject.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the inflammatory cytokine is selected from the group consisting of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-1\u03b2, interferon \u03b3, and interleukin-6.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein administering the composition reduces an amount of NF-\u03baB signaling in a subject.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein administering the composition comprises orally, intravenously, intranasally, or intraperitoneally administering the composition.
23. A method of treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition including a milk-derived microvesicle.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the composition includes a therapeutic agent encapsulated by the milk-derived microvesicle
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
26. The method of claim 23, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a phytochemical agent and a chemotherapeutic agent.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the therapeutic agent is a phytochemical agent, and wherein the phytochemical agent is selected from curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, delphinidin, cyanidin, withaferin A, tanshinone, bilberry anthocyanidins, and combinations thereof.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent, and wherein the chemotherapeutic agent comprises doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docitaxel, or combinations thereof.
29. The method of claim 23, further comprising one or more miRNA molecules in the milk-derived microvesicle.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more miRNA molecules are selected from the group consisting of miR-155 and miR-223.
31. The method of claim 23, wherein administering the composition comprises orally, intravenously, intranasally, or intraperitoneally administering the composition.