1. A targeting apparatus for a gun, comprising:
a primary mirror assembly including a single utilized mirror that provides a target imaging surface;
a mounting base configured for being attached to a gun and having the primary mirror assembly moveably attached thereto, wherein the single utilized mirror is movable between a stowed position and a deployed position; and
an auxiliary mirror assembly removably attached to at least one of the primary mirror assembly and the mounting base, wherein the auxiliary mirror assembly covers at least a portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that said at least a portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly.
2. The targeting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the auxiliary mirror assembly is removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly and covers essentially an entire portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is effectively non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly.
3. The targeting apparatus of claim 2 wherein:
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror; and
the mounting device is configured for being removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly.
4. The targeting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the single utilized mirror of the primary mirror assembly is of a first configuration and the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror of a second configuration different than the first configuration.
5. The targeting apparatus of claim 1 wherein the primary mirror assembly is pivotally mounted on the mounting base for enabling the primary mirror assembly to be folded between the stowed position and the deployed position.
6. The targeting apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror;
the mounting device is removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly and covers essentially an entire portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is effectively non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly; and
the single utilized mirror of the primary mirror assembly is of a first configuration and the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror of a second configuration different than the first configuration.
7. A targeting system, comprising:
a target acquisition apparatus mountable on a gun and including means for visually indicating when the gun is aimed at a desired target;
a single-mirror target viewing apparatus mountable on the gun and including a single utilized mirror that provides a target imaging surface, wherein the single-mirror target viewing apparatus is configured for enabling a shooter to view on the target imaging surface both the desired target and said means for visually indicating thereby enabling the gun to be fired at the desired target from a cover position in an aimed manner; and
an auxiliary mirror assembly configured for being removably attached to the single-mirror target viewing apparatus, wherein the auxiliary mirror assembly covers at least a portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is essentially non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the single-mirror target viewing apparatus.
8. The targeting system of claim 7 wherein:
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror; and
the mounting device is configured for being removably mounted on the single mirror target viewing apparatus.
9. The targeting system of claim 7 wherein the single utilized mirror of the single-mirror target viewing apparatus is of a first configuration and the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror of a second configuration different than the first configuration.
10. The targeting system of claim 7 wherein:
the single-mirror target viewing apparatus includes a primary mirror assembly and a mounting base having the primary mirror assembly movably attached thereto; and
the primary mirror assembly includes the single utilized mirror.
11. The targeting system of claim 10 wherein the auxiliary mirror assembly is configured for being removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly and covers essentially an entire portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is effectively non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly.
12. The targeting system of claim 11 wherein:
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror; and
the mounting device is configured for being removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly.
13. The targeting system of claim 7 wherein the primary mirror assembly is pivotally mounted on the mounting base for enabling the primary mirror assembly to be folded between a stowed position and a deployed position.
14. The targeting system of claim 7 wherein:
the single-mirror target viewing apparatus includes a primary mirror assembly and a mounting base having the primary mirror assembly movably attached thereto;
the primary mirror assembly includes the single utilized mirror;
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror;
the mounting device is configured for being removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly and covers essentially an entire portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is effectively non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly; and
the single utilized mirror of the primary mirror assembly is of a first configuration and the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror of a second configuration different than the first configuration.
15. A gun configured for being fired at a desired target from a cover position in an aimed manner, comprising:
a gun body;
a target acquisition apparatus mounted on the gun body and includes means for visually indicating when the gun is aimed at a desired target;
a single-mirror target viewing apparatus mounted on the gun body and including a single utilized mirror that provides a target imaging surface, wherein the single-mirror target viewing apparatus is configured for enabling a shooter to view on the target imaging surface both the desired target and the means for visually indicating thereby enabling the gun to be fired at the desired target from a cover position in an aimed manner; and
an auxiliary mirror assembly removably attached to the single-mirror viewing apparatus, wherein the auxiliary mirror assembly covers at least a portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is essentially non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the single-mirror target viewing apparatus.
16. The gun of claim 15 wherein:
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror; and
the mounting device is removably mounted on the single mirror target viewing apparatus.
17. The gun of claim 15 wherein the single utilized mirror of the single-mirror target viewing apparatus is of a first configuration and the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror of a second configuration different than the first configuration.
18. The gun of claim 15 wherein:
the single-mirror target viewing apparatus includes a primary mirror assembly and a mounting base having the primary mirror assembly movably attached thereto; and
the primary mirror assembly includes the single utilized mirror.
19. The gun of claim 18 wherein the auxiliary mirror assembly is removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly.
20. The gun of claim 19 wherein:
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror; and
the mounting device is removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly and covers essentially an entire portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is effectively non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly.
21. The gun of claim 15 wherein the primary mirror assembly is pivotally mounted on the mounting base for enabling the primary mirror assembly to be folded between a stowed position and a deployed position.
22. The gun of claim 15 wherein:
the single-mirror target viewing apparatus includes a primary mirror assembly and a mounting base having the primary mirror assembly movably attached thereto;
the primary mirror assembly includes the single utilized mirror;
the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror and a mounting device attached to the mirror;
the mounting device is removably mounted directly on the primary mirror assembly and covers essentially an entire portion of the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror such that the target imaging surface of the single utilized mirror is effectively non-viewable when the auxiliary mirror assembly is attached to the primary mirror assembly; and
the single utilized mirror of the primary mirror assembly is of a first configuration and the auxiliary mirror assembly includes a mirror of a second configuration different than the first configuration.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-19. (canceled)
20. An electrochemical process for producing glucose, the process comprising reacting water and carbon dioxide gas dissolved therein in the presence of at least one melanin material and a source of electromagnetic energy, wherein the at least one melanin material is selected from melanin, melanin precursors, melanin derivatives, melanin analogs, and melanin variants, such that glucose is produced.
21. The electrochemical process according to claim 20, wherein the electrochemical process is a photoelectrochemical process and the source of electromagnetic energy is visible or invisible light energy having a wavelength between 200 nm and 900 nm.
22. The electrochemical process according to claim 20, further comprising continuously dissolving carbon dioxide gas in the water.
23. The electrochemical process according to claim 20, wherein the at least one melanin material is present in at least one melanin device, the at least one melanin device comprised of a substrate and the at least one melanin material, such that the at least one melanin material is prevented from being dispersed throughout the water.
24. The electrochemical process according to claim 23, wherein the substrate of the at least one melanin device is silica, such that a mixture of the melanin material and silica is formed.
25. The electrochemical process according to claim 20, wherein the process is carried out at a temperature ranging from 0\xb0 C. to 25\xb0 C.
26. The electrochemical process according to claim 20, wherein the at least one melanin material is selected from natural melanin and synthetic melanin.
27. The electrochemical process according to claim 20, wherein the at least one melanin material is the only water-electrolyzing material used in the process.
28. An electrochemical process for producing glucose and glucose precursors having the general formula CnH2nOn, wherein n represents 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, the process comprising reacting water and carbon dioxide gas dissolved therein in the presence of at least one melanin material and a source of electromagnetic energy, wherein the at least one melanin material is selected from melanin, melanin precursors, melanin derivatives, melanin analogs, and melanin variants, such that glucose or the glucose precursor is produced.
29. The electrochemical process according to claim 28, wherein the electrochemical process is a photoelectrochemical process and the source of electromagnetic energy is visible or invisible light energy having a wavelength between 200 nm and 900 nm.
30. The electrochemical process according to claim 28, wherein the at least one melanin material is present in at least one melanin device, the at least one melanin device comprised of a substrate and the at least one melanin material, such that the at least one melanin material is prevented from being dispersed throughout the water.
31. The electrochemical process according to claim 28, wherein the at least one melanin material is selected from natural melanin and synthetic melanin.
32. A system for producing glucose and, glucose precursors having the general formula CnH2nOn, wherein n represents 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, via an electrochemical process, the system comprising:
(i) a reaction cell for receiving water and carbon dioxide gas dissolved therein, and at least one melanin material present in at least one melanin device, the at least one melanin device comprised of a substrate and the at least one melanin material, such that the at least one melanin material is prevented from being dispersed throughout the water, wherein the at least one melanin material is selected from melanin, melanin precursors, melanin derivatives, melanin analogs, and melanin variants; and
(ii) a source of electromagnetic energy, such that the electromagnetic energy is transmitted into the reaction cell and is absorbed by the at least one melanin material.
33. The system according to claim 32, wherein the reaction cell is connected to a device for continuously injecting CO2 gas into the reaction cell.
34. The system according to claim 32, wherein the source of electromagnetic energy is invisible or visible light energy having a wavelength between 200 nm and 900 nm.
35. The system according to claim 32, wherein the reaction cell is a closed reaction cell.
36. The system according to claim 32, wherein the at least one melanin material is selected from natural melanin and synthetic melanin.
37. The system according to claim 32, wherein the at least one melanin material is the only water-electrolyzing material present in the system.