What is claimed is:
1. A microtitration plate, comprising
a frame (2) made of a stiff first plastic which has a plate (4) with a multiplicity of holes (6), and
a multiplicity of vessels (3) made of a second plastic suited for the PCR andor exhibiting permeability to oxygen, which are fixedly connected to the plate (4) by directly molding them to the holes (6), have a receiving portion (9, 10, 11) protruding from the underside (8) of the plate (4), and are accessible from the upper surface (7) of the plate through apertures (15).
2. The microtitration plate according to claim 1 wherein the vessels (3) are connected to the plate (4) in a non-positive andor positive andor material fit.
3. The microtitration plate according to claim 2 wherein the vessels (3) are connected to the plate (4) at least on one side (7, 8) thereof in a non-positive fit by molding them to holes (6) having a variable cross-section in an axial direction andor to the marginal area of the holes (6).
4. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the vessels (3) have a wall portion (10) of a very small wall thickness adjacent to a vessel bottom (9) and have an upper wall portion (12) connected to the plate (4).
5. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the vessels (3) are of a wall thickness of from about 0.05 to 0.25 mm at least in one wall portion (10) .
6. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the vessels (3) have a collar of an increased wall thickness as an upper wall portion (12) connected to the plate (4).
7. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the vessels (3) have a substantially cup-shaped bottom (9) andor wall portions (10) of a small wall thickness are substantially conical andor, in a wall portion (11) adjoining it, are of a wall thickness which gradually increases upwardly.
8. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the vessels (3) have molding points at the bottom (9) of the vessels.
9. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the frame (2) has a bordering (5) protruding from the underside (8) thereof at the edge of the plate (4).
10. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the frame (2) has several edge-sided molding points.
11. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the frame (2) is made of an amorphous plastic or a partially crystalline, heavily filled plastic.
12. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 11 wherein the frame (2) is made of polycarbonate.
13. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the vessels (3) are made of a soft andor partially crystalline plastic.
14. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein the vessels are made of polypropylene or silicone.
15. The microtitration plate according to claim 14 wherein the vessels (3) are made of LSR.
16. A microtitration plate in plastic, particularly according to any one of claims 1 to 15, comprising:
a rigid frame (2) which includes a plate (4),
a multiplicity of vessels (3), which are fixedly connected to the plate (4), have a receiving portion protruding from the underside (8) of the plate (4), and are accessible from the upper surface (T) of the plate (4) through apertures (15),
a rigid lid (20) adapted to be releasably attached on the upper surface (7) of the plate (4), and
at least one seal (16, 22) between the lid (20) and the plate (4) which is of an elastic material which deviates from the plastic of the plate (4) andor the lid (20) and is fixedly connected to the lid (20) andor the plate (4) in order to close the apertures (15) when the lid (20) is disposed on the plate (4).
17. The microtitration plate according to claim 15 wherein the at least one seal is connected to the plate (4) andor the lid (20) in a non-positive andor positive andor material fit.
18. The microtitration plate according to claim 16 or 17 wherein the at least one seal (16) is disposed on the upper surface of the plate (4) and surrounds the apertures (15).
19. The microtitration plate according to claim 18 wherein the at least one seal (16) is annular.
20. The microtitration plate according to claim 19 wherein seals surrounding various apertures (15) are connected to each other by connection webs (18, 19) of the same material.
21. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 16 to 20 wherein the at least one seal (16) is connected to a collar of the vessels (3).
22. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 16 to 21 wherein the at least one seal (22) is disposed on the underside of the lid (20) and is annular, plug-shaped, mat-shaped or lip-shaped.
23. The microtitration plate according to any one of claims 16 to 22 wherein the at least one seal (16, 22) is made of a thermoplastic, elastomer, thermoplastic elastomer or rubber.
24. A process for the manufacture of a microtitration plate according to any one of claims 1 to 23 wherein the frame (2) and the vessels (3) are manufactured in a multi-component molding technique.
25. The process according to claim 24 wherein the frame (2) is molded initially and the vessels (3) are molded subsequently.
26. The process according to claim 25 wherein the vessels (3) are molded at such interval from the molding of the frame (2) as substantially ensures the shrinking of the frame (2) completely.
27. The process according to any one of claims 24 to 26 wherein the frame (2) is molded from several molding points in the marginal area.
28. The process according to any one of claims 24 to 27 wherein the vessels (3) are molded from their own molding point each, starting from their bottom (9).
29. A process for the manufacture of a microtitration plate according to any one of claims 24 to 28 wherein the frame (2) and the at least one seal (16) andor the lid (20) and the at least one seal (22) are manufactured in a multi-component molding technique.
30. The process according to claim 29 wherein the microtitration plate (1) is molded initially and the at least one sealing (16) is molded subsequently andor the lid (20) is molded initially and the at least one seal (22) is molded subsequently.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A brake control apparatus, comprising:
a first target deceleration operation portion for setting a first target deceleration determined in accordance with an amount of operation of a brake operating member;
a second target deceleration operation portion for calculating a second target deceleration on the basis of said first target deceleration calculated by said first target deceleration operation portion; and
an actuator for generating a brake force providing said second target deceleration calculated by said second target deceleration operation portion,
wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets limit values of a deceleration increasing gradient and a deceleration decreasing gradient with respect to said first target deceleration on the basis of the first target deceleration, and obtains said second target deceleration by correcting said first target deceleration on the basis of said set deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients.
2. The brake control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients on the basis of a difference between said first target deceleration and said second target deceleration.
3. The brake control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger with increases in an absolute value of the difference between said first target deceleration and said second target deceleration.
4. The brake control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion provides feedback on the magnitude of said second target deceleration to establish said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients.
5. The brake control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion provides feedback on the magnitude of said second target deceleration to establish said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients.
6. The brake control apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion provides feedback on the magnitude of said second target deceleration to establish said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients.
7. The brake control apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger as said second target deceleration becomes larger.
8. The brake control apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger as said second target deceleration becomes larger.
9. The brake control apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger as said second target deceleration becomes larger.
10. The brake control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients on the basis of a differential value of said first target deceleration.
11. The brake control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients on the basis of a differential value of said first target deceleration.
12. The brake control apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients on the basis of a differential value of said first target deceleration.
13. The brake control apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger as an absolute value of the differential value of said first target deceleration becomes larger.
14. The brake control apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger as an absolute value of the differential value of said first target deceleration becomes larger.
15. The brake control apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said second target deceleration operation portion sets said deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients to be larger as an absolute value of the differential value of said first target deceleration becomes larger.
16. A brake control apparatus, comprising:
a first value operation portion that converts the amount of operation of a brake operating member to a first value of a parameter corresponding to the amount of operation in order to generate a brake force corresponding to the amount of operation of said brake operating member;
a second value operation portion that calculates a second value on the basis of said first value calculated by said first value operation portion;
an actuator that generates the brake force providing said second value calculated by said second value operation portion,
wherein said value operation part sets limit values of a deceleration increasing gradient and a deceleration decreasing gradient for said first value on the basis of the first value, and obtains said second value by correcting said first value on the basis of said set deceleration increasing and decreasing gradients.
17. The brake control apparatus according to claim 16, wherein
said first value operation portion calculates a first target deceleration as said first value, and
said second value operation portion calculates a second target deceleration as said second value.
18. The brake control apparatus according to claim 16, wherein
said first value operation portion calculates, as said first value, a first pressurizing force generated by said actuator, and
said second value operation portion calculates a second pressurizing force as said second value.