We claim:
1. A charge air cooler, having a finned-tube block, the finned-tube block comprising:
flat tubes through which charge air can flow;
at least one fin member attached to the flat tubes;
wherein the at least one fin member includes rows of webs and web crosspieces, the rows offset relative to each other by a predetermined distance; and
wherein at least one web andor one web crosspiece comprises at least one vortex generator.
2. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one vortex generator comprises a winglet.
3. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one vortex generator comprises a ramp.
4. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one vortex generator comprises a tab.
5. The charge air cooler as claimed claim 2, wherein the longitudinal axis of the winglets is inclined at an angle of approximately 15 to 45 relative to the main flow direction of the charge air.
6. The charge air cooler as claimed claim 2, wherein consecutive webs in the main flow direction of the charge air have oppositely oriented winglets.
7. The charge air cooler as claimed claim 6, wherein the winglets are arranged in pairs and extend in opposite directions obliquely to the main flow direction of the charge air, extending away from one another in the main flow direction of the charge air.
8. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 2 wherein the winglets, are produced by shaping the webs andor web crosspieces.
9. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 2, wherein every second web of a row has a winglet oriented in the same direction.
10. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 3, wherein the ramp is inclined obliquely relative to the main flow direction of the charge air.
11. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 10, wherein the inclination is at an angle of approximately 20 to 30.
12. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 10, wherein ramps ascending in the main flow direction of the charge air are followed by ramps descending in the main flow direction of the charge air.
13. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 12, wherein the fin member has a first side and a second side and the ramps are arranged alternatingly in succession in the main flow direction of the charge air on the first side of the internal fin member and on the second side of the internal fin member.
14. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 10, wherein the ramp possesses a passage aperture.
15. The charge air cooler as claimed in claims 10, wherein the ramp has a width b of approximately 1.3 mm.
16. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 4, wherein the tab is partially punched out from the web surface and is positioned at an angle with respect to the web surface.
17. The charge air cooler as claimed in claim 16, wherein the angle is a right angle to the web surface.
18. A charge air cooler for a motor vehicle, comprising a charge air cooler as claimed in claim 1.
19. A fin member for flat tubes of a charge air cooler, formed as a webbed fin with lateral webs, which are connected by a web crosspiece, comprisisg:
ramps formed from the lateral web surfaces and arranged at an inclination in the air flow direction at an angle of 20 to 30 and with a width of 0.5b2.1 mm.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer node with side-lobe compensation, comprising:
an optical pre-amplifier comprising an input with multiple wavelengths;
a wavelength selective switch connected to the optical pre-amplifier, wherein the wavelength selective switch comprises a variable optical attenuator on a connection from the optical pre-amplifier and a filter for each of the multiple wavelengths, and wherein the wavelength selective switch is configured to drop a plurality of wavelengths of the multiple wavelengths;
an optical post-amplifier connected to a coupler comprising a variable optical attenuator on each of a plurality of input ports, wherein the coupler is configured to add a second plurality of wavelengths; and
an optical monitor configured to monitor optical power of each of the multiple wavelengths at the optical pre-amplifier;
wherein each of the variable optical attenuators is adaptively adjusted responsive to amplified spontaneous emission power located in side-lobes of each of the multiple wavelengths calculated responsive to a derived formula for a side-lobe penalty based on a micro-electromechanical system-based wavelength selective switch attenuation with the side-lobe penalty defined as a ratio of amplified spontaneous emission with side-lobe and amplified spontaneous emission without side-lobe; and
wherein a gain of each of the optical pre-amplifier and the optical post-amplifier is set to a target output value plus the sum of the amplified spontaneous emission power located in side-lobes of each of the multiple wavelengths.
2. The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer node of claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a comb filter comprising one of a thin film filter and an interleaver.
3. The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer node of claim 1, wherein the filter is located at one of each of a plurality of outputs of the wavelength selective switch and an input of the wavelength selective switch.
4. The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer node of claim 1, further comprising a node controller communicatively coupled to the optical pre and post-amplifiers, the wavelength selective switch, and the optical monitor, and wherein the node controller is configured to:
measure power for each wavelength of the multiple wavelengths at a node using the optical monitor;
calculate amplified spontaneous emission power located in side-lobes of each wavelength; and
for each wavelength not at a target power value, adjust power of the wavelength responsive to the amplified spontaneous emission power located in side-lobes of each of the multiple wavelengths.
5. The reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer node of claim 1, wherein the formula is derived responsive to the wavelength selective switch utilized in the reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer.
6. A wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation, comprising:
an input port;
a plurality of output ports connected to the input port through a switching device, wherein the switching device is configured to switch wavelengths from the input port to each of the plurality of output ports; and
a comb filter configured to filter wavelengths input and output from the wavelength selective switch, wherein the comb filter comprises a passband at and around the center frequency of each of the wavelengths and attenuation at side-lobes for each of the wavelengths;
wherein the wavelength selective switch is adaptively adjusted responsive to amplified spontaneous emission power located in side-lobes of each of the wavelengths calculated responsive to a derived formula for a side-lobe penalty based on a micro-electromechanical system-based wavelength selective switch attenuation with the side-lobe penalty defined as a ratio of amplified spontaneous emission with side-lobe and amplified spontaneous emission without side-lobe.
7. The wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation of claim 6, wherein the comb filter comprises one of a thin film filter and an interleaver.
8. The wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation of claim 6, wherein the switching device comprises one of a micro-electromechanical system mirrors and liquid-crystal modulators.
9. The wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation of claim 6, wherein the comb filter is located at one of each of a plurality of outputs of the wavelength selective switch and an input of the wavelength selective switch.
10. A wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation, comprising:
an input port;
a plurality of output ports connected to the input port through a switching device, wherein the switching device is configured to switch wavelengths from the input port to each of the plurality of output ports; and
a comb filter configured to filter wavelengths input and output from the wavelength selective switch, wherein the comb filter comprises a passband at and around the center frequency of each of the wavelengths and attenuation at side-lobes for each of the wavelengths;
wherein the wavelength selective switch is adaptively adjusted responsive to amplified spontaneous emission power located in side-lobes of each of the wavelengths calculated responsive to a derived formula for a side-lobe penalty based on a micro-electromechanical system-based wavelength selective switch attenuation with the side-lobe penalty defined as a ratio of amplified spontaneous emission with side-lobe and amplified spontaneous emission without side-lobe; and
wherein a gain of an optical pre-amplifier and an optical post-amplifier connected to the wavelength selective switch is set to a target output value plus the sum of the amplified spontaneous emission power located in the side-lobes of each of the wavelengths.
11. The wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation of claim 10, wherein the comb filter comprises one of a thin film filter and an interleaver.
12. The wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation of claim 10, wherein the switching device comprises one of a micro-electromechanical system mirrors and liquid-crystal modulators.
13. The wavelength selective switch with side-lobe compensation of claim 10, wherein the comb filter is located at one of each of a plurality of outputs of the wavelength selective switch and an input of the wavelength selective switch.