What is claimed is:
1. A frequency adjusting circuit comprising:
an oscillator for outputting cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a carrier wave input from an antenna using the cosine wave output from said oscillator and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave output from said oscillator;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for detecting an error between a frequency of the carrier wave and a frequency of the cosine and sine waves output from said oscillator in accordance with a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader; and
a reference oscillator for outputting a value of an oscillation frequency as the frequency of the cosine and sine waves to be output from said oscillator and changing a value of the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
2. A circuit according to claim 1, wherein the frequency error is detected at a synchronization channel.
3. A frequency adjusting circuit comprising:
an oscillator for outputting cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a BPSK modulated wave of a synchronization channel input from an antenna using the cosine wave output from said oscillator and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave output from said oscillator;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for obtaining a square value of each of a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader several times and detecting, from the square values, an error between a carrier frequency of the modulated wave and a frequency of the cosine and sine waves output from said oscillator; and
a reference oscillator for outputting a value of an oscillation frequency as the frequency of the cosine and sine waves to be output from said oscillator and changing a value of the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
4. A circuit according to claim 3, wherein the frequency error is detected at the synchronization channel.
5. A frequency adjusting circuit comprising:
an oscillator for outputting cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a QPSK modulated wave of a synchronization channel input from an antenna using the cosine wave output from said oscillator and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave output from said oscillator;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for obtaining a fourth power of each of a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader several times and detecting, from the fourth powers, an error between a carrier frequency of the modulated wave and a frequency of the cosine and sine waves output from said oscillator; and
a reference oscillator for outputting a value of an oscillation frequency as the frequency of the cosine and sine waves to be output from said oscillator and changing a value of the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
6. A circuit according to claim 5, wherein the frequency error is detected at the synchronization channel.
7. A frequency adjusting circuit comprising:
oscillation means for outputting an oscillation frequency of cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a carrier wave of a received modulated wave using the cosine wave and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the received modulated carrier wave using the sine wave;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for detecting an error between a frequency of the carrier wave and the oscillation frequency of the cosine and sine waves in accordance with a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader; and
means for changing the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
8. A circuit according to claim 7, wherein the frequency error is detected at a synchronization channel.
9. A code division multiple access receiver comprising:
an antenna for receiving a code division multiple access modulated wave;
an oscillator for outputting cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a carrier wave of the received modulated wave using the cosine wave output from said oscillator and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave output from said oscillator;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for detecting an error between a frequency of the carrier wave and a frequency of the cosine and sine waves output from said oscillator in accordance with a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader; and
a reference oscillator for outputting a value of an oscillation frequency as the frequency of the cosine and sine waves to be output from said oscillator and changing a value of the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
10. A receiver according to claim 9, wherein the frequency error is detected at a synchronization channel.
11. A code division multiple access receiver comprising:
an antenna for receiving a code division multiple access modulated wave;
an oscillator for outputting cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a BPSK modulated wave of a synchronization channel of the received code division multiple access modulated wave using the cosine wave output from said oscillator and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave output from said oscillator;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for obtaining a square value of each of a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader several times and detecting, from the square values, an error between a carrier frequency of the BPSK modulated wave and a frequency of the cosine and sine waves output from said oscillator; and
a reference oscillator for outputting a value of an oscillation frequency as the frequency of the cosine and sine waves to be output from said oscillator and changing a value of the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
12. A code division multiple access receiver comprising:
an antenna for receiving a code division multiple access modulated wave;
an oscillator for outputting cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a QPSK modulated wave of a synchronization channel of the modulated wave using the cosine wave output from said oscillator and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave output from said oscillator;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for obtaining a fourth power of each of a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader several times and detecting, from the fourth powers, an error between a carrier frequency of the QPSK modulated wave and a frequency of the cosine and sine waves output from said oscillator; and
a reference oscillator for outputting a value of an oscillation frequency as the frequency of the cosine and sine waves to be output from said oscillator and changing a value of the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
13. A code division multiple access receiver comprising:
an antenna for receiving a code division multiple access modulated wave;
oscillation means for outputting an oscillation frequency of cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a carrier wave of the received modulated wave using the cosine wave and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for detecting an error between a frequency of the carrier wave and the oscillation frequency of the cosine and sine waves in accordance with a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader; and
means for changing the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
14. A receiver according to claim 13, wherein the frequency error is detected at a synchronization channel.
15. A code division multiple access receiver comprising:
an antenna for receiving a code division multiple access modulated wave;
oscillation means for outputting an oscillation frequency of cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a BPSK modulated wave of a synchronization channel of the received code division multiple access modulated wave using the cosine wave and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for obtaining a square value of each of a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader several times and detecting, from the square values, an error between a carrier frequency of the BPSK modulated wave and the oscillation frequency of the cosine and sine waves; and
means for changing the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
16. A code division multiple access receiver comprising:
an antenna for receiving a code division multiple access modulated wave;
an oscillator for outputting an oscillation frequency of cosine and sine waves;
quadrature demodulation means for extracting and outputting a baseband signal of an in-phase component from a QPSK modulated wave of a synchronization channel of the modulated wave using the cosine wave and extracting and outputting a baseband signal of a quadrature component from the carrier wave using the sine wave;
a first AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the in-phase component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a second AD converter for converting the baseband signal of the quadrature component output from said quadrature demodulation means into a digital signal and outputting the digital signal;
a first despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said first AD converter;
a second despreader for despreading and outputting the signal output from said second AD converter;
frequency error detection means for obtaining a fourth power of each of a value of the signal output from said first despreader and a value of the signal output from said second despreader several times and detecting, from the fourth powers, an error between a carrier frequency of the QPSK modulated wave and the oscillation frequency of the cosine and sine waves output; and
means for changing the oscillation frequency so as to cancel the frequency error detected by said frequency error detection means.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of forming a column for use in a building structure, the method including:
providing an apparatus for use in forming a column from a plurality of courses of blocks, the apparatus including a plurality of elongate members adapted to extend longitudinally with respect to the column and adapted to be spaced apart from each other around the column; a plurality of retaining members extending transverse to the elongate members and mounted thereto, the retaining members adapted to be spaced apart from each other by not more than the length of the blocks such that there is at least one retaining member for each course of blocks, the retaining members adapted to assist in vertically aligning and positioning the blocks; and indenters for indenting or setting a block radially inwardly from an adjacent block and also from an associated retaining member so as to create a column with longitudinal grooves or indentations, and wherein the radial position of an indenter can be adjusted so as to vary an offset depth of an indented block;
providing a plurality of courses of blocks;
positioning the apparatus where the column is to be formed;
laying one or more of the courses of blocks in the form of a closed figure forming a peripheral surface of the column and defining an interior space radially inwardly of the blocks, the blocks being located by the retaining members of the column forming apparatus; and
filling the interior space with a settable material and allowing it to set.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the laying step includes adhering the blocks to each other by mortaring them to each other with a cementitious material and the settable material that is used to fill the interior space is also a cementitious material.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the positioning step comprises locating the apparatus around an axial support member, and rigidly mounting the apparatus to the axial member by means of a stabiliser extending between the apparatus and the support member.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the longitudinal members and retaining form a cage that can be opened and closed along an axis extending in a longitudinal direction, and the step of positioning the apparatus includes either opening up the cage or else lowering it over the axially extending support member.
5. The method according to claim 4, further including the step of separating the cage from its attachment to the support member by removing the stabiliser and then opening up the cage and moving it out from its position surrounding the column.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said column has a plurality of courses of blocks and the method comprises laying a first course of blocks then filling the interior space of the first course with a settable material, and then repeating this procedure of laying the course and filling the interior space for succeeding courses of blocks until a column of desired height has been formed.
7. A combination comprising:
a column comprising a plurality of vertically stacked courses of blocks, each course comprising a plurality of blocks that are arranged in horizontal alignment with each other and in the form of a closed figure defining an interior space radially inward of the blocks, and wherein the blocks are adhered to each other by a settable material which is also used to fill in the interior space; and
an apparatus for forming the column comprising:
a plurality of elongate members extending longitudinally with respect to the column and adapted to be spaced apart from each other around the column; and
a plurality of retaining members extending transverse to the elongate members and mounted thereto, the retaining members spaced apart from each other by not more than a length of the blocks such that there is at least one retaining member for each course of blocks, the retaining members assisting in vertically aligning and positioning the blocks in an adjacent course and also holding the blocks in place while the column is being built.
8. The combination according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of retaining members comprises top and bottom retaining members and also at least one intermediate retaining member positioned between said top and bottom retaining members, and the top retaining member is positioned to overlie a top comic of blocks and the bottom retaining member in positioned to overlie a bottom course of blocks, and at least one intermediate retaining member is positioned to overlie a said point of separation of two adjacent courses of blocks.
9. The combination according to claim 7, further including slide formations on the elongate members for permitting the retaining members to slide longitudinally on the elongate members at least to some extent, so as to permit the retaining members to be positioned straddling a point of separation of the adjacent courses of blocks.
10. The combination according to claim 7, further comprising:
slide formations on elongate members for permitting the retaining members to slide longitudinally on the elongate members, wherein each slide formation is formed by each elongate member having a slot aperture, and the retaining members are mounted to the elongate members by a bolt passed through an aperture in the retaining member and then through the slot aperture in the elongate member, and a fastening nut passed over the free end of the bolt whereby loosening of the nut permits relative movement of the retaining member and the elongate member.
11. The combiantion according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the retaining members is vertically positioned so as to straddle a point of separation of adjacent courses of blocks intermediate the ends of the column thereby to assist in the vertical alignment of the course of blocks above the point of separation said and the course of blocks below the point of separation.
12. The combination according to claim 7, further including locaters on each retaining member for laterally locating the position of each block with each associated course of blocks.
13. The combination according to claim 12, wherein each locater projects into a space between adjacent blocks in the course of blocks, thereby to laterally position the blocks on either side of said space.
14. The combination according to claim 13, wherein each locater comprises a pin that is removably inserted through each retaining member in a radially inward direction and into each said space between adjacent blocks and each said retaining member has said pins extending into each said space between adjacent blocks in the course to correctly position all the blocks in the course.
15. The combination according to claim 7, further including indenters for indenting or setting a block radially inwardly from an adjacent block and also from the associated retaining member so as to create a column with longitudinal grooves or indentations.
16. The combination according to claim 15, wherein the radial position of the indenters can be adjusted so as to vary an offset depth of an indented block.
17. The combination according to claim 7, wherein the retaining members are in the form of rings each having a substantially circular configuration and the elongate members and retaining members together form a cage.
18. The combination according to claim 17, having an intermediate retaining member overlying each point of separation of adjacent courses of blocks up the height of the column whereby to align and position the blocks of all the courses in the column.