1. A method for computing one or more of a soft data value and a log likelihood ratio for a received value in one or more of a communication system and a memory device, comprising:
obtaining at least one received value;
identifying a segment of a function corresponding to said received value, wherein said function is defined over a plurality of segments, wherein each of said segments has an associated segment-dependent variance; and
calculating said one or more of said soft data value and said log likelihood ratio using said segment-dependent variance associated with said identified segment, wherein one or more steps of said method are performed by at least one hardware device.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said function is derived using a distribution or a probability density function.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said calculating step calculates said log likelihood ratio based on segment-dependent parameters k, b as follows:
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where \u03c3(s)=ki(s), and E{r|s}=bi(s).
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said values ki(s) and bi(s) are said segment-dependent parameters k, b obtained for state s for segment i that was identified based on a read value r.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said calculating step calculates said log likelihood ratio based on segment-dependent parameters ki(s, h) and bi(s, h) obtained for state s and pattern h for segment i that was identified based on a read value r and zero or more patterns h.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein said calculating step calculates said log likelihood ratio based on the segment-dependent parameters k, b as follows:
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where \u03c3(s, h)=ki(s, h), E{r|s, h}=bi(s, h) and h is a pattern in one or more aggressor cells.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said identifying step identifies a plurality of segments each having an associated set of segment-dependent parameters; and wherein said calculating step calculates said one or more of said soft data value and said log likelihood ratio using said plurality of sets of segment-dependent parameters.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said plurality of sets of segment-dependent parameters correspond to a plurality of states.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said identifying step identifies a segment for a given state.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing said computed one or more of soft data values and log likelihood ratios to a decoder.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said received value is a read value from said memory device.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said memory device is a flash memory device.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of said steps are implemented by one or more of a processor, a controller, a read channel, a signal processing unit and a decoder.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein an associated set of segment-dependent parameters are for a given state.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein an associated set of segment-dependent parameters are based on data stored in at least one aggressor cell in a flash memory.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein segment-dependent parameters are based on disturbance on a target cell.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said disturbance comprises one or more of back pattern dependency, intercell interference, program disturb, read disturb, temperature, temperature change and additional noise.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein said segment-dependent parameters are based on pattern-dependent disturbance of at least one aggressor cell on a target cell.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein segment-dependent parameters are based on a location in said memory device.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein segment-dependent parameters are obtained from one or more of at least one stored table and an evaluated expression.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of obtaining at least one received value further comprises the step of receiving read data for a target cell and a value representing data stored in at least one aggressor cell associated with said target cell.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein said received value comprises one or more of data bits, voltage levels, current levels and resistance levels.
23. A system for computing one or more of a soft data value and a log likelihood ratio for a received value in one or more of a communication system and a memory device, comprising:
a memory; and
at least one processor, coupled to the memory, operative to:
obtain at least one received value;
identify a segment of a function corresponding to said received value, wherein said function is defined over a plurality of segments, wherein each of said segments has an associated segment-dependent variance; and
calculate said one or more of said soft data value and said log likelihood ratio using said segment-dependent variance associated with said identified segment.
24. The system of claim 23, wherein said function is derived using a distribution or a probability density function.
25. The system of claim 23, wherein said calculation calculates said log likelihood ratio based on segment-dependent parameters ki(s, h) and bi(s, h) obtained for state s and pattern h for segment i that was identified based on a read value r and zero or more patterns h.
26. The system of claim 23, wherein said identification of a segment of a function corresponding to said received value identifies a plurality of segments each having an associated set of segment-dependent parameters; and wherein said calculation calculates said one or more of said soft data value and said log likelihood ratio using said plurality of sets of segment-dependent parameters.
27. The system of claim 26, wherein said plurality of sets of segment-dependent parameters correspond to a plurality of states.
28. The system of claim 27, wherein said identification of a segment of a function corresponding to said received value identifies a segment for a given state.
29. The system of claim 23, wherein said at least one hardware device is further configured to provide said computed one or more of soft data values and log likelihood ratios to a decoder.
30. The system of claim 23, wherein said received value is a read value from said memory device.
31. The system of claim 23, wherein said memory device is a flash memory device.
32. The system of claim 23, wherein system comprises one or more of a processor, a controller, a read channel, a signal processing unit and a decoder.
33. The system of claim 23, wherein an associated set of segment-dependent parameters are for a given state.
34. The system of claim 23, wherein an associated set of segment-dependent parameters are based on data stored in at least one aggressor cell in a flash memory.
35. The system of claim 23, wherein segment-dependent parameters are based on disturbance on a target cell.
36. The system of claim 35, wherein said disturbance comprises one or more of back pattern dependency, intercell interference, program disturb, read disturb, temperature, temperature change and additional noise.
37. The system of claim 23, wherein segment-dependent parameters are based on pattern-dependent disturbance of at least one aggressor cell on a target cell.
38. The system of claim 23, wherein segment-dependent parameters are based on a location in said memory device.
39. The system of claim 23, wherein segment-dependent parameters are obtained from one or more of at least one stored table and an evaluated expression.
40. The system of claim 23, wherein said at least one received value is obtained by receiving read data for a target cell and a value representing data stored in at least one aggressor cell associated with said target cell.
41. The system of claim 23, wherein said received value comprises one or more of data bits, voltage levels, current levels and resistance levels.
42. A system for computing one or more of a soft data value and a log likelihood ratio for a received value in one or more of a communication system and a memory device, comprising:
means for obtaining at least one received value;
means for identifying a segment of a function corresponding to said received value, wherein said function is defined over a plurality of segments, wherein each of said segments has an associated segment-dependent variance; and
means for calculating said one or more of said soft data value and said log likelihood ratio using said segment-dependent variance associated with said identified segment.
43. A method for computing one or more of a soft data value and a log likelihood ratio for a received value in one or more of a communication system and a memory device, comprising:
obtaining at least one received value;
identifying a segment of a function corresponding to said received value, wherein said function is defined over a plurality of segments, wherein each of said segments has an associated set of parameters; and
calculating said one or more of said soft data value and said log likelihood ratio using said set of parameters associated with said identified segment, wherein one or more steps of said method are performed by at least one hardware device, wherein said parameters are obtained from one or more of at least one stored table and an evaluated expression and wherein said at least one stored table contains an entry for storing said parameters for one or more of (1) one or more performance factors; (2) state; and (3) data pattern.
44. The method of claim 43, wherein said one or more performance factors comprise one or more of endurance, number of program cycles, number of erase cycles, number of read cycles, retention time, temperature or temperature changes of the memory and manufacturing process.
45. The method of claim 43, wherein said at least one stored table contains an entry for storing said parameters for a combination of one or more of (1) one or more performance factors; (2) state; and (3) data pattern.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A battery including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode,
wherein the cathode comprises rubeanic acid or a rubeanic acid derivative as an active material; and
wherein a molar concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is higher than 1.0 molL.
2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the molar concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is 1.5 to 4.7 molL.
3. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the molar concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution is 2.0 to 4.7 molL.
4. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the rubeanic acid or the rubeanic acid derivative has a structural unit represented by formula (1) below,
Chem. 1
\u2014(NR1\u2014CS\u2014CS\u2014NR2)\u2014\u2003\u2003(1)
where in R1 and R2 in formula (1) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a saturated linear hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated linear hydrocarbon group, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group, a saturated heterocyclic group, an unsaturated heterocyclic group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, an amide group, a hydroxyl group, a sulfide group, a disulfide group or a sulfone group.
5. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the rubeanic acid or the rubeanic acid derivative is represented by formula (2) below,
Chem. 2
R3\u2014(NR1\u2014CS\u2014CS\u2014NR2)n\u2014R4\u2003\u2003(2)
wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 in formula (2) each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a saturated linear hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated linear hydrocarbon group, a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group, a saturated heterocyclic group, an unsaturated heterocyclic group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, an amide group, a hydroxyl group, a sulfide group, a disulfide group or a sulfone group; and n represents an integer of at least 1.
6. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the anion derived from the electrolyte is at least one type selected from the group consisting of PF6\u2212, AsF6\u2212, BF4\u2212, Cl\u2212, Br\u2212, ClO4\u2212, CH3SO3\u2212, CF3SO3\u2212, C4F9SO3\u2212, (CF3SO2)2N\u2212 and (CF3SO2)3C\u2212.